[14] Ibid. pp. 197-8.
[15] For an excellent discussion on the ontogeny of the child in this connexion, see Some Laws of Heredity, by Mr. S. S. Buckman, pp. 290, et seq. (Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, vol. x. p. 3, 1892).
[16] loc. cit. p. 198.
[17] For a discussion of this remarkable case, see Mental Evolution in Animals, pp. 222-3. It appears to me that if Mr. Wallace's argument from the "latent capacities of the voice of Man" is good for anything, a fortiori it must be taken to prove that, in the case of the Parrot, "the organ has been prepared in anticipation" of the amusement which the cultivation of its latent capacities arouses in "civilized man."
[18] Descent of Man, 1st Ed. ch. xx. (Trans. Dev. Assoc. for Science, 1890).
[19] The late Prof. Moseley informed me that, during his voyage on the Challenger, he had seen many men whose backs were well covered with hair.—For an excellent discussion of the whole question, chiefly in the light of embryology, see the paper by Buckman already alluded to, pp. 280-289. Also, for an account of an extraordinary hairy race of men, see Alone with the Hairy Ainu, by A. H. Savage Landor, 1893.
[20] E.g. "The special faculties we have been discussing clearly point to the existence in man of something which he has not derived from his animal progenitors—something which we may best refer to as being of a spiritual essence or nature, capable of progressive development under favourable conditions. On the hypothesis of this spiritual nature, superadded to the animal nature of man, we are able to understand much that is otherwise mysterious or unintelligible in regard to him, especially the enormous influence of ideas, principles, and beliefs over his whole life and action. Thus alone can we understand the constancy of the martyr, the unselfishness of the philanthropist, the devotion of the patriot, the enthusiasm of the artist, and the resolute and persevering search of the scientific worker after nature's secrets. Thus we may perceive that the love of truth, the delight in beauty, the passion for justice, and the thrill of exultation with which we hear of any act of courageous self-sacrifice, are the workings within us of a higher nature which has not been developed by means of the struggle for material existence." (Darwinism, p. 474.) I have quoted this whole paragraph, because it is so inconsistent with the rest of Mr. Wallace's system that a mere epitome of it might well have been suspected of error. Given an intellectual being, howsoever produced, and what is there "mysterious or unintelligible" in "the enormous influence of ideas, principles, and beliefs over his whole life and action"? Or again, if he be also a social being, what is the relevancy of adducing "the constancy of the martyr," "the unselfishness of the philanthropist," "the devotion of the patriot," "the love of truth," "the passion for justice," "the thrill of exultation when we hear of any act of courageous self-sacrifice," in evidence against the law of utility, or in order to prove that a "nature" thus endowed has "not been developed by means of the struggle for existence," when once this struggle has been transferred from individuals to communities? The whole passage reads like an ironical satire in favour of "Darwinism," rather than a serious argument against it.
[21] See Proc. Zool. Soc. June 4, 1889, for an account of the performances in this respect of the Chimpanzee "Sally." Also, for some remarks on the psychology of the subject, in Mental Evolution in Man, p. 215. I should like to take this opportunity of stating that, after the two publications above referred to, this animal's instruction was continued, and that, before her death, her "counting" extended as far as ten. That is to say, any number of straws asked for from one to ten would always be correctly given.
[22] In Prof. Lloyd Morgan's Animal Life and Intelligence there is an admirable discussion on this subject, which has been published since the above was written. The same has to be said of Weismann's Essay on Music, where much that I have here said is anticipated. With the views and arguments which Mr. Mivart has forcibly set forth I have already dealt to the best of my ability in a work on Mental Evolution in Man.
[23] American Naturalist, xxii. pp. 201-207.