G. L. C.

G. W. D.

CONTENTS

CHAPTERPAGE
Editors' Preface[v]
Author's Preface[ix]
I.Maritime Law[1]
1.General Maritime Law[1]
2.Sources in United States[1]
3.Courts[2]
4.Jurisdiction[2]
A.The Ship[2]
B.The Waters[3]
5.Maritime Contracts and Torts[4]
6.Personality of Ship[5]
7.Limits of Liability[5]
8.Equitable Principles[6]
9.General Considerations[6]
II.Title and Transfer[10]
1.How Title Acquired[10]
2.Registration and Regulation[10]
3.Shipbuilding Contracts[10]
4.Not Within Admiralty Jurisdiction[12]
5.Enrollment and Registration[12]
6.Ships Entitled to[12]
7.Incidents of Enrollment or Registration[13]
8.How Obtained[14]
9.Recording of American-built Foreign Ships[16]
10.Name[16]
11.Sale[17]
12.Transfer of Flag and Sales to Foreigners[17]
13.Admiralty Sales[18]
14.Sales by Trustees and Executors[19]
15.Sales by Mortgagee[19]
16.Sales by Master[19]
17.Sale of Ship at Sea[22]
18.Appurtenances[23]
19.Warranties and Representations[23]
III.Owners and Managers[25]
1.Who May Be[25]
2.Part-owners[25]
3.Corporations[27]
4. Majority Interest[28]
5.Minority Interest[28]
6.Suits Between Part-Owners[30]
7.Authority of Owner[30]
8.Obligation of Owner[30]
9.Liability of Owner[31]
10.Temporary Ownership[33]
11.Managing Owner[36]
12.Compensation and Lien[37]
IV.The Master[39]
1.Appointment and General Authority[39]
2.Personal Liability[41]
3.Restriction on Authority[41]
4.Rights of Master[43]
5.Wages[43]
6.Lien[44]
7.Relations to Cargo[45]
8.Power to Sell or Mortgage Cargo[46]
9.Power to Sell Vessel[50]
10.Power to Create Liens[50]
11.Duties on Disaster[51]
12.Log Book and Protests[52]
V.Seamen[54]
1.Favored in Maritime Law[54]
2.Who Are Seamen?[54]
3.Contract[55]
4.Wages Secured[55]
5.Forfeitures and Punishments[55]
6.Personal Injuries[56]
7.Duties in Disaster[58]
8.Offenses of Seamen[59]
9.When Entitled to Leave Ship[60]
10.Desertion[60]
11.Self-Defense[61]
12.Lien for Wages[61]
13.Shipping Articles[63]
14.Wages and Effects[64]
15.Protection and Relief[66]
VI.Carriage by Sea[69]
1.Common and Private Carriers[69]
2.Liabilities[69]
3.Seaworthiness[70]
4.Loading and Stowage[72]
5.Wreck or Stranding[75]
6.Arrival and Discharge[76]
7.Freight and Demurrage[77]
8.Unfair Freight Rates[79]
9.Passengers[79]
10.Reciprocal Duties[79]
11.Baggage[81]
12.Personal Injuries[81]
13.Loss of Life[83]
VII.Contracts of Affreightment, Bills of Lading and Charter Parties[86]
1.Definitions[86]
2.Seaworthiness[87]
3.Deviation[88]
4.Perils of the Sea[89]
5.Fire[89]
6.Restraint of Princes[90]
7.Freight[91]
(a)Dead Freight[91]
(b)When Freight is Earned[91]
8.Contracts of Affreightment[91]
9.Bills of Lading[92]
10.Statements in Bills of Lading[96]
11.Negotiability of Bills of Lading[98]
12.Duration of Carrier's Liability[99]
13.Exceptions in Bills of Lading[99]
14.Valuation[99]
15.Notice of Claim[100]
16.Nature and Effect of Charter Party[100]
17.Subcharters[101]
18.Provisions in Charter Parties[101]
(a)Safe Port[101]
(b)Insurance[102]
(c)Redelivery[102]
(d)Cancellation and Withdrawal[102]
(e)Breakdown Clause[102]
19.Lien for Freight and Charter Hire[103]
20.Liability for Loss or Damage[104]
21.Demurrage and Laydays[105]
22.Breach of Charter[106]
23.Dissolution of Charter[107]
VIII.Liabilities and Limitations[112]
1.Liabilities of Ship[112]
2.Liabilities of Owner[112]
3.Liabilities of Charterer[113]
4.Liabilities of Mortgagee[113]
5.Liabilities of Underwriters[113]
6.Theories of Limitation[114]
7.Contract Limitations[115]
8.The Federal Statutes[115]
9."Privity or Knowledge"[117]
10.Harter Act[119]
11.Insurance[123]
12.Single Ship Companies[123]
IX.Maritime Liens[125]
1.How Created[125]
2.Essential Value[127]
3.Independent of Notice of Possession[127]
4.Secret[127]
5.Diligence Required[127]
6.Rules of Diligence[127]
7.Recording Liens on "Preferred Mortgage" Vessels[128]
8.Limited to Movable Things[129]
9.Priorities[129]
10.Lien for Repairs and Supplies[131]
11.Not Sole Remedy[134]
12.How Divested[134]
13.State Liens[135]
14.Builders' and Mechanics' Liens[136]
15.Foreign Liens[136]
16.Enforcement of Liens[137]
X.Mortgages and Bonds[138]
1.Definitions[138]
2.Bottomry Bonds[138]
3.Respondentia[140]
4.Necessity for Advances[141]
5.Mortgages[141]
6.Are Mortgages Maritime Contracts?[141]
7.When Postponed to Other Liens[142]
8.Form[143]
9.Recording[144]
10.Rights of Mortgagee[144]
11.Liabilities of Mortgagee[145]
12.Transfer and Payment[145]
13.Foreclosure[145]
XI.Collision[148]
1.Definition[148]
2.Liability Dependent on Negligence[148]
3.Tests of Negligence[149]
4.The Regulations[150]
5.Damage to Ship [151]
6.Damage to Cargo[152]
7.Damage to Crew and Passengers[155]
8.Contribution[155]
9.Division of Damages[155]
10.Lien[156]
11.Limitation of Liability[157]
12.Remedies[157]
13.Evidence[158]
XII.Towage and Pilotage[159]
1.Definition[159]
2.Towage Service[159]
3.Compensation[160]
4.Duty of Tug[160]
5.Duty of Tow[165]
6.Negligence[165]
7.Liability for Damage[168]
A.As Between Tug and Tow[168]
B.To Third Parties[169]
8.Pilots[172]
9.Duties[173]
10.Authority[174]
11.Compensation[174]
12.Negligence[175]
13.Liability of Ship[177]
XIII.Salvage and General Average[180]
1.Definitions[180]
2.What May Be Salved[180]
3.Salvor's Lien[181]
4.Amount of Reward[182]
5.Who May Be Salvors[183]
6.Distinction Between Towage and Salvage[184]
7.Distribution of Salvage Award[185]
8.Distribution of Liability for Payment[186]
9.Statutory Regulations[187]
10.Instances of Salvage Services[187]
11.Distinction Between General and Particular Average[189]
12.Essential Elements[189]
13.Instances of General Average[190]
14.The Adjustment[191]
XIV.Crimes Committed at Sea[193]
1.Definition[193]
2.Admiralty Criminal Jurisdiction[193]
3.Place of Trial[194]
4.Offenses Not Consummated on Shipboard[194]
5.Penalties and Forfeitures[195]
6.Federal Criminal Code[196]
7.Concurrent Jurisdictions[197]
8.Limitations of Prosecutions[198]
9.Piracy[198]
10.Barratry[199]
11.Failure to Equip with Radio Telegraph[200]
12.Failure to Disclose Liens[200]
13.Mutiny[200]
XV.Wrecks and Derelicts[202]
1.Definitions[202]
2.Wrecks Under the Common Law[202]
3.Wrecks Within Admiralty Jurisdiction[204]
4.Liabilities of Owner of Wreck[205]
5.Rights of Landowner[205]
6.Owner's Rights[206]
7.Rights of Government[206]
8.Derelicts[207]
9.Finders[207]
XVI.Wharfage and Moorage[209]
1.Definition[209]
2.Right to Erect[209]
3.Duties of Proprietor[210]
4.Rights of Proprietor[212]
5.Wharfage Compensation[213]
6.Lien[214]
7.Injuries to Wharves[214]
8.Anchorage[215]
9.Obstructions to Navigation[216]
XVII.Admiralty Remedies[218]
1.Proceedings in Rem[218]
2.When Proceedings in Rem Will Lie[219]
3.The Libel[219]
4.The Writ or Process[220]
5.Owner's Rights[220]
6.Default[220]
7.Interlocutory Sales[221]
8.Intervenors[221]
9.Costs and Expenses[221]
10.Proceedings in Personam[222]
11.Process in Personam[222]
12.Proceedings in Limitation of Liability[222]
APPENDICES
I.Summary of Navigation Laws of the United States[225]
II.The Merchant Marine Act of 1920[263]
III.Protest[290]
Table of Cases[291]
Index[299]

THE LAW OF THE SEA

CHAPTER I
MARITIME LAW

1. General Maritime Law.—

Navigation and commerce by sea are regulated by maritime law. This is a branch of jurisprudence which developed out of the necessities of the business with which it has to deal. It is, therefore, as old as navigation itself and many of its rules can be traced back to antiquity. It extends over all navigable waters and is enforced by courts of admiralty.

This law is to be found in the statutory laws of different countries, the decisions of the courts and text-books on the subjects involved. Back of the laws of each particular country is what is termed the general maritime law or common law of the sea, which, like the common law of the land, consists of that general mass of usages and customs which exists by the universal consent and immemorial practice of those doing business by sea. It is effective within particular countries only so far as they consent to follow it, as is the case with international law, of which it is really a part. In general, however, it is recognized and enforced wherever the local laws are silent in regard to maritime transactions.