The forms show great variety and must be learned by practice. (See [pp. 291–297] for a list.)
335. The perfect participle is made by prefixing having to the past participle.
- Having mended the watch, I sent it to the owner.
- Having lost his money, James was forced to walk home.
336. The present participle is used in forming the progressive verb-phrases ([§§ 255–259]).
The past participle is used in forming the complete tenses ([§§ 242–244]) and the passive voice ([§ 247]).
CONSTRUCTIONS OF PARTICIPLES
337. Since the participle has adjective properties, its constructions are in the main like those of adjectives.
338. A participle is said to belong to the substantive which it describes or limits.
- Rupert, missing his companion, stepped to the door. [The present participle missing belongs to the subject Rupert.]
- Rising, she opened the window. [Rising belongs to she.]
- I heard the rain falling. [Falling belongs to the object rain.]
- Tom’s arm, broken by the blow, hung useless. [The past participle broken belongs to the subject arm.]
- Having climbed the hill with great difficulty, I stopped to rest. [The perfect participle having climbed belongs to the subject I.]
339. A participle should not be used without some substantive to which it may belong.