LISTS OF VERBS
In the first list, only such verb forms are given as are indisputably correct in accordance with the best prose usage of the present day. The pupil may feel perfectly safe, therefore, in using the forms registered in this list.[52]
A few verbs (marked *) which are seldom or never used in ordinary language are included in this list. These have various irregularities. A few verbs are partly strong and partly weak.
Weak verbs are printed in italics.
For the modal auxiliaries, see [page 299].
I
| Present Tense | Past Tense | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| abide | abode | abode |
| am (subjunc., be) | was | been |
| arise | arose | arisen |
| awake | awoke, awaked | awaked |
| bear | bore | borne, born[53] |
| beat | beat | beaten |
| beget | begot | begotten |
| begin | began | begun |
| behold | beheld | beheld |
| bend | bent | bent |
| bereave | bereft, bereaved | bereft, bereaved[54] |
| beseech | besought | besought |
| bet | bet | bet |
| bid (command) | bade | bidden |
| bid (money) | bid | bid |
| bind | bound | bound |
| bite | bit | bitten |
| bleed | bled | bled |
| bless (see [p. 298]) | ||
| blow | blew | blown |
| break | broke | broken |
| breed | bred | bred |
| bring | brought | brought |
| build | built | built |
| burn (see [p. 298]) | ||
| burst | burst | burst |
| buy | bought | bought |
| cast | cast | cast |
| catch | caught | caught |
| chide | chid | chidden |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| *cleave (split)[55] | cleft, clove | cleft, cleaved (cloven, adj.) |
| cling | clung | clung |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| creep | crept | crept |
| crow (see [p. 299]) | ||
| curse (see [p. 298]) | ||
| cut | cut | cut |
| dare (see [p. 299]) | ||
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| dig | dug | dug |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| dream (see [p. 298]) | ||
| dress (see [p. 298]) | ||
| drink | drank | drunk (drunken, adj.) |
| drive | drove | driven |
| dwell | dwelt | dwelt |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| engrave (see [p. 299]) | ||
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| flee | fled | fled |
| fling | flung | flung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbear | forbore | forborne |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forsake | forsook | forsaken |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| freight (see [p. 299]) | ||
| get | got | got[56] |
| gird (see [p. 298]) | ||
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grave (see [p. 299]) | ||
| grind | ground | ground |
| grow | grew | grown |
| hang | hung, hanged[57] | hung, hanged[57] |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| heave | hove, heaved[58] | hove, heaved[58] |
| hew | hewed | hewn |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| keep | kept | kept |
| kneel (see [p. 298]) | ||
| knit (see [p. 298]) | ||
| know | knew | known |
| lade[59] | laded | laded, laden |
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| learn (see [p. 298]) | ||
| leave | left | left |
| lend | lent | lent |
| let | let | let |
| lie (recline)[60] | lay | lain |
| light | lighted or lit[61] | lighted or lit[61] |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| mean | meant | meant |
| meet | met | met |
| mow (see [p. 299]) | ||
| pay | paid | paid |
| pen(shut up) (see [p. 298]) | ||
| put | put | put |
| quit (see [p. 298]) | ||
| read | rĕad | rĕad |
| *reave | reft, reaved | reft, reaved |
| reeve | rove | rove |
| rend | rent | rent |
| rid | rid | rid |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| *rive | rived | riven, rived |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| seek | sought | sought |
| *seethe (transitive)[62] | sod, seethed | seethed (sodden, adj.) |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| set | set | set |
| sew (see [p. 299]) | ||
| shake | shook | shaken |
| shape (see [p. 299]) | ||
| shave | shaved | shaved (shaven, adj.) |
| shear (see [p. 299]) | ||
| shed | shed | shed |
| shine | shone | shone |
| shoe | shod | shod |
| shoot | shot | shot |
| show | showed | shown |
| shred (see [p. 298]) | ||
| shrink | shrank | shrunk (shrunken, adj.) |
| *shrive | shrove, shrived | shriven, shrived |
| shut | shut | shut |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sink | sank | sunk |
| sit | sat | sat |
| slay | slew | slain |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| slide | slid | slid, slidden |
| sling | slung | slung |
| slink | slunk | slunk |
| slit | slit | slit |
| smell (see [p. 298]) | ||
| smite | smote | smitten |
| sow | sowed | sowed, sown |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| speed (see [p. 298]) | ||
| spell (see [p. 299]) | ||
| spend | spent | spent |
| spill (see [p. 299]) | ||
| spin | spun | spun |
| spit | spit | spit |
| split | split | split |
| spoil (see [p. 299]) | ||
| spread | spread | spread |
| spring | sprang | sprung |
| stand | stood | stood |
| stave | stove, staved | stove, staved |
| stay (see [p. 299]) | ||
| steal | stole | stolen |
| stick | stuck | stuck |
| sting | stung | stung |
| stink | stunk | stunk |
| strew | strewed | strewn |
| stride | strode | stridden |
| strike | struck | struck (stricken, adj.)[63] |
| string | strung | strung |
| strive | strove | striven |
| swear | swore | sworn |
| sweat (see [p. 299]) | ||
| sweep | swept | swept |
| swell | swelled | swelled, swollen |
| swim | swam | swum |
| swing | swung | swung |
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tear | tore | torn |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| thrive | throve, thrived | thriven, thrived |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| thrust | thrust | thrust |
| tread | trod | trodden |
| wake | woke, waked | woke, waked |
| wax (grow) (see [p. 299]) | ||
| wear | wore | worn |
| weave | wove | woven |
| wed (see [p. 299]) | ||
| weep | wept | wept |
| wet | wet | wet |
| win | won | won |
| wind | wound | wound |
| wring | wrung | wrung |
| write | wrote | written |
Bear, break, drive, get (beget, forget), speak, spin, stink, swear, tear, have an archaic past tense in a: bare, brake, drave, gat, spake, etc.
Beat, beget (forget), bite, break, forsake, hide, ride, shake, speak, weave, write, and some other verbs have archaic forms of the past participle like those of the past tense. The participles in en, however, are now the accepted forms. Chid and trod are common participial forms.
Begin, drink, ring, shrink, sing, sink, spring, swim, often have in poetry a u-form (begun, sung, etc.) in the past tense as well as in the past participle. This form (though good old English)[64] should be avoided in modern speech.