An Advanced English Grammar with Exercises

by George Lyman Kittredge; Frank Edgar Farley

Dare and owe originally belonged to this class. Owe has become a regular weak verb, except for the peculiar past tense ought, which is used in a present sense (see [§ 293]); dare has in the third person dare or dares, and in the past dared, more rarely durst. The archaic wot “know,” past wist, also belongs to this class. Will is inflected like shall, having will in the first and third singular, wilt in the second singular, and would in the past.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO BE

INDICATIVE MOOD
Present Tense
SINGULAR	PLURAL
1. I am.	We are.
2. Thou art.	You are.
3. He is.	They are.
Past Tense
1. I was.	We were.
2. Thou wast (wert).	You were.
3. He was.	They were.
Future Tense
1. I shall be.	We shall be.
2. Thou wilt be.	You will be.
3. He will be.	They will be.
Perfect (or Present Perfect) Tense
1. I have been.	We have been.
2. Thou hast been.	You have been.
3. He has been.	They have been.
Pluperfect (or Past Perfect) Tense
1. I had been.	We had been.
2. Thou hadst been.	You had been.
3. He had been.	They had been.
Future Perfect Tense
1. I shall have been.	We shall have been.
2. Thou wilt have been.	You will have been.
3. He will have been.	They will have been.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present Tense
1. If I be.	If we be.
2. If thou be.	If you be.
3. If he be.	If they be.
Past Tense
1. If I were.	If we were.
2. If thou wert.	If you were.
3. If he were.	If they were.
Perfect (or Present Perfect) Tense
1. If I have been.	If we have been.
2. If thou have been.	If you have been.
3. If he have been.	If they have been.
Pluperfect (or Past Perfect) Tense
1. If I had been.	If we had been.
2. If thou hadst been.	If you had been.
3. If he had been.	If they had been.
Imperative Mood.	Present. Sing. and Pl. Be [thou or you].
Infinitive.	Present, to be; Perfect, to have been.
Participles.	Present, being; Past, been; Perfect, having been.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO STRIKE

ACTIVE VOICE

INDICATIVE MOOD
Present Tense
1. I strike.	We strike.
2. Thou strikest.	You strike.
3. He strikes.	They strike.
Past Tense
1. I struck.	We struck.
2. Thou struckest.	You struck.
3. He struck.	They struck.
Future Tense
1. I shall strike.	We shall strike.
2. Thou wilt strike.	You will strike.
3. He will strike.	They will strike.
Perfect (or Present Perfect) Tense
1. I have struck.	We have struck.
2. Thou hast struck.	You have struck.
3. He has struck.	They have struck.
Pluperfect (or Past Perfect) Tense
1. I had struck.	We had struck.
2. Thou hadst struck.	You had struck.
3. He had struck.	They had struck.
Future Perfect Tense
1. I shall have struck.	We shall have struck.
2. Thou wilt have struck.	You will have struck.
3. He will have struck.	They will have struck.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present Tense
1. If I strike.	If we strike.
2. If thou strike.	If you strike.
3. If he strike.	If they strike.
Past Tense
1. If I struck.	If we struck.
2. If thou struck.	If you struck.
3. If he struck.	If they struck.
Perfect (or Present Perfect) Tense
1. If I have struck.	If we have struck.
2. If thou have struck.	If you have struck.
3. If he have struck.	If they have struck.
Pluperfect (or Past Perfect) Tense
1. If I had struck.	If we had struck.
2. If thou hadst struck.	If you had struck.
3. If he had struck.	If they had struck.
Imperative Mood.	Present. Sing. and Pl. Strike [thou or you].
Infinitive.	Present, to strike; Perfect, to have struck.
Participle.	Present, striking; Past, struck; Perfect, having struck.

PASSIVE VOICE

INDICATIVE MOOD
Present Tense
1. I am struck.	We are struck.
2. Thou art struck.	You are struck.
3. He is struck.	They are struck.
Past Tense
1. I was struck.	We were struck.
2. Thou wast (or wert) struck.	You were struck.
3. He was struck.	They were struck.
Future Tense
1. I shall be struck.	We shall be struck.
2. Thou wilt be struck.	You will be struck.
3. He will be struck.	They will be struck.
Perfect (or Present Perfect) Tense
1. I have been struck.	We have been struck.
2. Thou hast been struck.	You have been struck.
3. He has been struck.	They have been struck.
Pluperfect (or Past Perfect) Tense
1. I had been struck.	We had been struck.
2. Thou hadst been struck.	You had been struck.
3. He had been struck.	They had been struck.
Future Perfect Tense
1. I shall have been struck.	We shall have been struck.
2. Thou wilt have been struck.	You will have been struck.
3. He will have been struck.	They will have been struck.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present Tense
1. If I be struck.	If we be struck.
2. If thou be struck.	If you be struck.
3. If he be struck.	If they be struck.
Past Tense
1. If I were struck.	If we were struck.
2. If thou wert struck.	If you were struck.
3. If he were struck.	If they were struck.
Perfect (or Present Perfect) Tense
1. If I have been struck.	If we have been struck.
2. If thou have been struck.	If you have been struck.
3. If he have been struck.	If they have been struck.
Pluperfect (or Past Perfect) Tense
1. If I had been struck.	If we had been struck.
2. If thou hadst been struck.	If you had been struck.
3. If he had been struck.	If they had been struck.
Imperative Mood.	Present. Sing. and Pl. Be [thou or you] struck.
Infinitive.	Present, to be struck; Perfect, to have been struck.
Participles.	Present, being struck; Past, struck; Perfect, having been struck.

USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS

1. Every sentence begins with a capital letter.

2. Every line of poetry begins with a capital letter.

3. The first word of every direct quotation begins with a capital letter.