ILLUSTRATIONS
| Part I Growth, Manufacture and Distribution | |
| Refined Sugar, showing form of crystals | [Frontispiece] |
| Sugar Cane, showing eyes or buds | [To face page 4] |
| Roots of Sugar Cane | [6] |
| Jungle-like Vegetation of Cane Field | [7] |
| Leaf-Hopper | [10] |
| Sugar Cane | [11] |
| Experiment Station | [12] |
| Plantation Scene in Hawaii—light-colored foliage is sugar cane | [13] |
| Steam Plough | [14] |
| Planting Cane | [15] |
| Irrigation Ditch, showing tunnel | [16] |
| Irrigation Ditch | [17] |
| Young Sugar Cane | [18] |
| Ripe Sugar Cane, showing tassels | [19] |
| Cutting Cane | [20] |
| Loading Cane | [21] |
| Train-Load of Cane ready for the mill | [22] |
| A Modern Mill | [23] |
| Cane Carrier and Mechanical Unloader | [24] |
| Another Type of Cane Unloader | [25] |
| Twelve-Roller Mill | [26] |
| Modern Crushing Plant; two fifteen-roller mills and crushers, capacity 105 tons per hour | [27] |
| Delivering Bagasse to Fire-Room | [28] |
| General Interior View of Modern Raw-Sugar Mill | [29] |
| Filter Presses | [30] |
| Set of Quadruple Evaporators | [31] |
| Vacuum Pans | [32] |
| Centrifugal Machines | [33] |
| Filling, Weighing and Sewing Sacks | [34] |
| Train-Load of Raw Sugar leaving mill | [35] |
| Steamer Loading Sugar Alongside of Dock | [38] |
| Loading Sugar at an Outport in Hawaii | [39] |
| Polariscope (in body of text) | [Page 40] |
| A Modern Refinery, showing water and rail transportation facilities | [To face page 46] |
| Plan Elevation of a Modern Refinery | [47] |
| Steamer Discharging Raw Sugar at Refinery Dock | [48] |
| Sugar Stored in Warehouse—25,000 tons shown in this picture | [49] |
| Cut-in Station, showing sugar first entering the refining process | [50] |
| Centrifugal Machine, motor driven | [51] |
| Bag Filters, showing bags in place | [56] |
| Filter Presses | [57] |
| Making New Bags and Lining the Washed Bags | [58] |
| Printing the Empty Raw-Sugar Bags | [59] |
| Char Filters | [60] |
| Char Filters, showing outlet pipes | [61] |
| Top of Char Filters, showing pipe connections | [62] |
| Exterior View of Char Drier | [63] |
| Interior Arrangement of Char Drier | [64] |
| Exterior View of Char Kilns, showing oil-burning apparatus | [65] |
| A Refinery Vacuum Pan and Pump | [66] |
| Arrangement of Steam Coils in a Vacuum Pan | [67] |
| Refinery Centrifugal Machines | [68] |
| Exterior View of Sweater | [69] |
| Front View of Sweater, showing steam coils for heating the air | [70] |
| Interior View of Sweater | [71] |
| Separator, closed, ready for operation | [72] |
| Separators, one of which is open, showing three screens for separating the sugar grains | [73] |
| Filling, Weighing and Sewing 100-pound Sacks | [74] |
| Filling, Weighing and Sewing 25-pound Sacks | [75] |
| Filling Barrels | [76] |
| Method of Handling Barrels | [77] |
| Cube Sugar Machine | [78] |
| Carton Machine | [79] |
| Filling, Weighing and Sewing 2-pound, 5-pound and 10-pound Bags | [80] |
| Laboratory | [86] |
| Oil-Burning Boiler Plant | [87] |
| Inland-Waterway Steamer Loading Sugar at Refinery Dock | [92] |
| Car-Float Arriving at Refinery Dock | [93] |
| Sugar Beet[1] | [100] |
| Another Type of Sugar Beet | [101] |
| Ploughing with Caterpillar Engine | [102] |
| Planting Beet Seed | [103] |
| Thinning | [104] |
| Cultivating | [105] |
| Field of Ripe Beets | [106] |
| Topping Beets | [107] |
| Hauling Beets | [108] |
| Delivering Beets to the Factory by Wagon | [109] |
| Delivering Beets to the Factory by Train | [110] |
| General Interior View of Beet-Sugar Factory, showing filter presses in foreground; pans and evaporators in rear | [111] |
| Diffusion Battery, showing diffusion cells in circular arrangement | [112] |
| Diffusion Battery, showing diffusion cells in straight lines | [113] |
| Weighing, Filling and Sewing Bags in a Beet Factory | [114] |
| Cattle Feeding on Beet Pulp | [115] |
| The First Successful Beet-Sugar Factory in America—Alvarado, California | [116] |
| Part II History of the Industry | |
| A Modern Beet-Sugar Factory | [117] |
| Christopher Columbus | [124] |
| Olivier de Serres | [128] |
| Andreas Marggraf | [129] |
| Franz Carl Achard | [130] |
| First Beet-Sugar Factory in the World—Built at Cunern, Silesia, 1802 | [131] |
| Napoleon I | [132] |
| Building in Salt Lake City, Utah, in which the First Beet-Sugar Machinery Brought to the West was Installed | [150] |
| E. H. Dyer, the Father of Beet Sugar in America | [151] |
| Hauling Cane in the Fields, Louisiana | [178] |
| Hauling Cane in the Fields, Louisiana | [179] |
| Sugar Plantation Scene in Porto Rico[2] | [182] |
| Sugar-Shipping Port, Porto Rico | [183] |
| Ploughing Cane Field with Steam Plough, Porto Rico | [184] |
| Unloading Sugar Cane at a Mill, Porto Rico | [185] |
| Ploughing Field Before Planting Cane, Philippines | [190] |
| Ploughing at La Carlota, Occidental Negros, Philippines | [191] |
| Hauling Cane, Philippines | [192] |
| Carabao Mill, Philippines | [193] |
| Old-Style Sugar Mill, Philippines, showing poor crushing | [194] |
| Tinguian Cane Crusher, Lingayen, Philippines | [195] |
| Old Water-Driven Mill, Island of Negros, Philippines | [196] |
| Mill Driven by Water Power, Occidental Negros, Philippines | [197] |
| Native Sugar Factory, Pampanga Province, Philippines | [198] |
| Interior of Camarin, Philippines | [199] |
| Luzon Sugar Refinery, Malabon, Rizal, Philippines | [200] |
| Loading Sugar on Lorchas, Philippines | [201] |
| Central Factory, General View, Cuba[3] | [202] |
| Cuban Central, General View | [203] |
| Cane Field, Cuba | [204] |
| Loading Cane on Ox-Carts, Cuba | [205] |
| Train-Load of Sugar Cane, Cuba | [208] |
| Self-Dumping Cane Car, Cuba | [209] |
| Morelands Sugar Mill, Vere, Jamaica. Photo by H. H. Cousins | [216] |
| The Fleet, Morelands, Vere, Jamaica. Photo by H. H. Cousins | [217] |
| Leveling a Cane Field, Peru | [250] |
| Leveling Ground by Steam, Peru | [251] |
| Planting Cane, Peru | [252] |
| Portable Branch Line of Field Railway and Cane Cutters, Peru | [253] |
| Hauling Cane-Laden Cars with Ox-Team, Peru | [254] |
| Train-Load of Cane En Route to the Factory, Peru | [255] |
| Sugar Plantation between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil | [260] |
| Train-Load of Cane En Route to the Ingenio La Mendieta, Argentina | [270] |
| Unloading a Car of Cane, Tucumán, Argentina | [271] |
| Battery of Boilers, Ingenio, La Trinidad, Tucumán, Argentina | [272] |
| Home of Superintendent of a Sugar Plantation, Tucumán, Argentina | [273] |
| Ingenio Nueva Baviera, Tucumán, Argentina | [274] |
| Ingenio Nueva Baviera, Tucumán, Argentina | [275] |
| Kohekirin Mill, Formosa | [280] |
| Sugar Cane Affected by the Sereh, Java | [296] |
| Seedling Canes, Java | [297] |
| Cutting Cane, Maroochy River, South Queensland | [302] |
| Carting Cane to Mill, Ingham District, North Queensland | [303] |
| Isis Central Mill, Childers, South Queensland | [304] |
| Cane Unloader, Mulgrave Central Sugar Mill, Cairns District, North Queensland | [305] |
| Sugar Mill, Nahan Factory, India | [330] |
| Centrifugal Worked by Hand, India | [331] |
| Wooden Mill from Gorakhpur, India (in body of text) | [Page 332] |
| Boiling by Old Method, India | [To face page 332] |
| Furnace and Pans for Making Rab, India | [333] |
| Stone Mill, Agra, India (in body of text) | [Page 333] |
| Small Locomotive Used to Draw Cane-Cars, 2-foot Gauge, India | [To face page 334] |
| Loading Cane Carrier, Marhourah Factory, India | [335] |
| Water-Driven Centrifugals, Marhourah Factory, India | [336] |
| Champaran Sugar Company, Ltd., Barrah Chakia, Champaran, India | [337] |
Part I
Growth, Manufacture and Distribution
WHAT SUGAR IS
Among the many varieties of sugar the most important are the sucroses and the glucoses. They form a natural group of substances, chiefly of vegetable origin. Chemically considered, all sugars are carbohydrates, that is to say, bodies composed of three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Sucrose contains twelve atoms of carbon, twenty-two atoms of hydrogen and eleven atoms of oxygen.
Apart from sucrose, which is usually cane and beet sugar, the variety most generally met with is dextrose—one of the glucoses. It possesses less sweetness than sucrose and differs from the latter in chemical composition. As an example: dextrose is found in the raisin in small grains. It also occurs in other fruits and is the result of the inversion of sucrose.
Glucose enters largely into the manufacture of candy, being particularly necessary in the preparation of soft filling for creams, as a certain amount of it added to cane-sugar syrup prevents crystallization.