ā sapientī virō, by a wise man; adulēscente, youth, substantive; Rōmulō rēgnante, in the reign of Romulus, ablative absolute ([1362]).
[561]. Other adjectives ‘of one ending’ occasionally have -e in the ablative when used as substantives or as epithets of persons, or in verse when a short syllable is needed: as,
cōnsortī, sharing, parī, equal, vigilī, wide-awake, fēlīcī, happy, as adjectives; but cōnsorte, &c., as substantives; in prose, imparī, disparī, unequal; in verse, impare, dispare. Proper names have -e: as, Fēlīce.
PLURAL CASES.
[562]. In the plural, gender nominatives have -ēs, rarely -īs or -eīs, and gender accusatives have -īs or -ēs indifferently, sometimes -eis; after about 50 A.D., -ēs was the prevalent ending for both cases. Neuters add -a to the stem, making -ia; for -iā́ in old Latin, cf. [2505].
[563]. In the genitive plural, present participles, some substantive stems in -nt(i)-, and some adjectives ‘of two endings’ ([631]) have occasionally -um: as,
amantum, lovers; rudentum, rigging; agrestum, country folk; caelestum, heaven’s tenantry. apis, bee, has commonly -um; caedēs, slaughter, and fraus, deceit, have rarely -um. For -um in some adjectives ‘of one ending,’ see [636]; for -bū́s in the dative and ablative in old Latin, see [2505].
[564]. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:
N. without -is: VECTIGAL, i.e. vectīgālis, adjective; -e for -is ([66], [41]): MILITARE, i.e. mīlitāris, adjective; -ēs ([540]): AIDILES, i.e. aedīlis; CIVES, i.e. cīvis. G. -us, from 186 to 100 B.C.: PARTVS, i.e. partis. D. -ei: VRBEI. Ac. -i ([61]): PARTI, i.e. partem; -e: AIDE, i.e. aedem. Ab. -ei: FONTEI; -e: SERVILE, i.e. servīlī. Plural: N. -ēs: FINES; -eis: FINEIS; -īs: FINIS.
GREEK NOUNS.