[745.] sum, am, is used only in the present system ([720]). The perfect system is supplied by forms of fuī (fu-).
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. Indic. | Pres. Infin. | Perf. Indic. | Perf. Part. |
| sum | esse | (fuī) | —— |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| sum, I am | sumus, we are | ||
| es, thou art | estis, you are | ||
| est, he is | sunt, they are | ||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| eram, I was | erāmus, we were | ||
| erās, thou wert | erātis, you were | ||
| erat, he was | erant, they were | ||
| Future Tense. | |||
| erō, I shall be | erimus, we shall be | ||
| eris, thou wilt be | eritis, you will be | ||
| erit, he will be | erunt, they will be | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
fuī, I have been, orwas | fuimus, we have been, orwere | ||
fuistī, thou hast been, orwert | fuistis, you have been, orwere | ||
fuit, he has been, orwas | fuērunt or -re, they havebeen, or were | ||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| fueram, I had been | fuerāmus, we had been | ||
| fuerās, thou hadst been | fuerātis, you had been | ||
| fuerat, he had been | fuerant, they had been | ||
| Future Perfect Tense. | |||
| fuerō, I shall have been | fuerimus, we shall have been | ||
| fueris, thou wilt have been | fueritis, you will have been | ||
| fuerit, he will have been | fuerint, they will have been | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| sim, may I be | sīmus, let us be | ||
| sīs, mayst thou be | sītis, be you, may yoube | ||
sit, let him be, may hebe | sint, let them be, may theybe | ||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| essem, I should be | essēmus, we should be | ||
| essēs, thou wouldst be | essētis, you would be | ||
| esset, he would be | essent, they would be | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
| fuerim, I may have been | fuerīmus, we may have been | ||
| fuerīs, thou mayst have been | fuerītis, you may have been | ||
| fuerit, he may have been | fuerīnt, they may have been | ||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| fuissem, I should have been | fuissēmus, we should havebeen | ||
fuissēs, thou wouldst havebeen | fuissētis, you would havebeen | ||
| fuisset, he would have been | fuissent, they would havebeen | ||
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | |||
es or estō, be thou, thoushalt be | este or estōte, be you, youshall be | ||
| estō, he shall be | suntō, they shall be | ||
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. | |||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. esse, to be | Pres. See [749] | ||
| Perf. fuisse, to have been | Perf. —— | ||
| Fut. futūrus esse, to be going tobe | Fut. futūrus, going to be | ||
[746.] For the first person sum, Varro mentions esum as an archaic form. This e was probably prefixed by analogy with the other forms; for the -m, and for es, see [728]. For sim, &c., and siem, &c., see [841]. In the imperfect eram, &c., and the future erō, &c., s has become r ([154]).
[747.] The indicative and imperative es is for older ess ([171, 1]), and is regularly used long by Plautus and Terence. The e of es and est is not pronounced after a vowel or -m, and is often omitted in writing: as experrēcta es, pronounced experrēctas; epistula est, pronounced epistulast; cōnsilium est, pronounced cōnsiliumst. In the dramatists, -s preceded by a vowel, which is usually short, unites with a following es or est: thus, tū servos es becomes tū servos; similis est, similist; virtūs est, virtūst; rēs est, rēst.
[748.] Old forms are: SONT (inscr. about 120 B.C.); with suffix -scō ([834]), escit (for *esscit), gets to be, will be, escunt; present subjunctive, siem, siēs, siet, and sient ([841]), common in inscriptions down to 100 B.C., and in old verse; also in compounds; imperative estōd rare.
[749.] The present participle is used only as an adjective. It has two forms: sontem (accusative, no nominative), which has entirely lost its original meaning of being, actual, the real man, and has only the secondary meaning of guilty, and īnsōns, innocent; and -sēns in absēns, away, praesēns, at hand, dī cōnsentēs, gods collective; also once INSENTIBVS. sum has no gerund or gerundive.
[750.] A subjunctive present fuam, fuās, fuat, and fuant occurs in old Latin; and an imperfect forem, forēs, foret, and forent, in all periods. The present infinitive fore, to get to be, become, has a future meaning. Old forms in the perfect system are FVVEIT ([29, 1]), FVET; fūit, fūimus, fūerim, fūerit, fūerint, fūisset (Plaut., Enn.). fuī has no perfect participle or supine.
possum, can.
| Principal parts: possum,posse; (potuī, see [875].) | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | possum, potes, potest | possumus, potestis, possunt |
| Imp. | poteram, poterās, poterat | poterāmus, poterātis, poterant |
| Fut. | poterō, poteris, poterit | poterimus, poteritis, poterunt |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | possim, possīs, possit | possīmus, possītis, possint |
| Imp. | possem, possēs, posset | possēmus, possētis, possent |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | posse | —— |