| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active. | Passive. | Active. | Active. | |
| Perf. | coepī | coeptus sum | ōdī | meminī |
| Plup. | coeperam | coeptus eram | ōderam | memineram |
| F. P. | coeperō | coeptus erō | ōderō | meminerō |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||||
| Perf. | coeperim | coeptus sim | ōderim | meminerim |
| Plup. | coepissem | coeptus essem | ōdissem | meminissem |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||||
| Perf. | —— | —— | —— | mementō, mementōte |
| INFINITIVE. | ||||
| Perf. | coepisse | coeptus esse | ōdisse | meminisse |
| PARTICIPLES. | ||||
| Perf. | coeptus | —— | —— | |
| Fut. | coeptūrus | ōsūrus | —— | |
[813.] A few forms of the present system of coepī occur in old writers: as, coepiō (Plaut.), coepiam (Caec., Cato), coepiat (Plaut.), coeperet (Ter.), and coepere (Plaut.); perfect once coēpit (Lucr.). ōsus sum or fuī (Plaut., C. Gracch., Gell.), exōsus sum (Verg., Sen., Curt., Gell.), and perōsus sum (Suet., Col., Quint.), are sometimes used as deponents. meminī is the only verb which has a perfect imperative active. ōdī and meminī have no passive.
[814.] coeptūrus is rather rare and late (Liv. 2, Plin., Suet.), once as future infinitive (Quint.); and ōsūrus is very rare (Cic., Gell.). exōsus and perōsus, as active participles, hating bitterly, are not uncommon in writers of the empire; the simple ōsus is not used as a participle.
[815.] (4.) Impersonal verbs have usually only the third person singular, and the infinitive present and perfect: as,
([a.]) pluit, it rains, tonat, it thunders, and other verbs denoting the operations of nature. (b.) Also a few verbs in -ēre denoting feeling: as, miseret (or miserētur, miserēscit), it distresses, miseritum est; paenitet, it repents, paenituit; piget, it grieves, piguit or pigitum est; pudet, it shames, puduit or puditum est; taedet, it is a bore, taesum est.
[816.] Some other verbs, less correctly called impersonal, with an infinitive or a sentence as subject, are likewise defective: as,
lubet or libet, it suits, lubitum or libitum est, lubuit or libuit; licet, it is allowed, licuit or licitum est; oportet, it is proper, oportuit; rē fert or rēfert, it concerns, rē ferre or rēferre, rē tulit or rētulit. For the impersonal use of the third person singular passive, as pugnātur, there is fighting, pugnandum est, there must be fighting, see [724].
[817.] Of the impersonals in -ēre, some have other forms besides the third person singular and the infinitives: as,
paenitēns, repenting, paenitendus, to be regretted, late; pigendus, irksome; pudēns, modest, pudendus, shameful, puditūrum, going to shame; lubēns or libēns, with willing mind, gladly, very common indeed; imperative LICETO, be it allowed (inscrr. 133-111 B.C.), licēns, unrestrained, licitus, allowable; gerunds pudendum, pudendō, pigendum.