[913.] (2.) From a theme in long ā or in long ī; in this way participles are regularly formed from denominatives in -āre or -īre respectively: as,
laudātus, praised; audītus, heard.
[914.] A few perfect participles of verbs in -ere are formed from a presumed theme in long ī, or long ē, or from one in long ū: as, petītus, aimed at; exolētus, grown out; see [967-970]; tribūtus, assigned; see [947], [948].
[915.] (1.) Many perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a short root vowel ([135, 1]): as,
adspectus, beheld; captus, taken; coctus, cooked; commentus, devising; cultus, tilled; dictus, said, verb dīcō; ductus, led, dūcō; factus, made; fossus, dug; gestus, carried; inlectus, allured; questus, complaining; raptus, seized; tersus, neat; textus, woven; vorsus, turned.
[916.] (2.) Some perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a long root vowel, sometimes even when the vowel of the parallel present stem is short ([135, 1]; [122, f]): as,
fīxus, fastened, verb fīgō; -flīctus, dashed, -flīgō; pāstus, fed, pāscō; pollūctus, offered up, pollūceō; scrīptus, written, scrībō; -cāsus, fallen, cadō. Also āctus, driven, agō; vīsus, seen, videō; frūctus, enjoying, fruor; lēctus, culled, legō; pīctus, painted, pingō; rēctus, ruled, regō; ēsus, eaten, edō; strūctus, piled, struō; tēctus, covered, tegō; ūnctus, anointed, unguō; frāctus, broken, frangō; pāctus, fixed, pangō. Furthermore, iūnctus, joined, iungō; sānctus, hallowed, sanciō ([831]); also, fūnctus, having performed, fungor.
[917.] (1.) Most perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a long root vowel: as,
lātus, borne ([169], [1]); nātus, born; -plētus, filled; trītus, worn; nōtus, known; sūtus, sewed. So also an isolated rūtus, in the law phrase rūta caesa, or rūta et caesa, diggings and cuttings, i.e. minerals and timber.
[918.] (2.) Ten perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a short root vowel; they are: