[992.] (1 b.) Most verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -v- ([869]), and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a form of the present stem in long -ā-: as,
| laudō, praise | laudāre | laudāvī | laudātus |
| līberō, free | līberāre | līberāvī | līberātus |
| nōminō, name | nōmināre | nōmināvī | nōminātus |
| spērō, hope | spērāre | spērāvī | spērātus |
PERFECT STEM IN -u-.
[993.] (2.) The following verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -u ([874]), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus; in some participles, -tus is preceded by a short i, thus, -itus ([910]):
| crepō, rattle | crepāre | crepuī | (in-crepitus) |
Forms of the perfect system in -v- ([823]) are: in-crepāvit (Plaut.), dis-crepāvit (Varr.), in-crepārit (Suet.).
| cubō, lie | cubāre | cubuī | —— |
Forms of the perfect system in -v- ([823]) are: ex-cubāverant (Caes.), cubāris (Prop.), in-cubāvēre (Plin.), cubāsse (Quintil.). Compound perfect participle in-cubitus (Plin.).
| domō, tame | domāre | domuī | domitus |
| ē-necō, murder | ē-necāre | ē-necuī | ē-nectus |
The simple verb has necāvī, necātus; twice necuit (Enn., Phaedr.). ē-necō sometimes has i for e in the present and perfect system; once ([823]) ē-nicāvit, and once ([887]) ē-nicāssō (Plaut.); perfect participle also ē-necātus (Plin.).