[1648.] et has sometimes the meaning of also or of and also, particularly when there is a change of speakers, or before a pronoun: as, et hoc sciō, Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 11, I know that too. Sometimes also after vērum, nam, and simul, especially when a pronoun follows. Not in Caesar.
[1649.] (2.) -que, and, combines members which belong together and make a whole, though they may be different or opposed to each other; the second member is often a mere appendage: as,
rogat ōratque tē, RA. 144, he begs and entreats you, or he earnestly entreats you. lībertī servolīque nōbilium, RA. 141, the freedmen and slaves of the great, or retainers, bond and free. omnēs ea, quae bona videntur, sequuntur fugiuntque contrāria, TD. 4, 12, everybody runs after what seems good and avoids the opposite. -que is usually put after the first word of the new member. It is particularly common in old or legal style.
[1650.] The combination -que . . . -que, both . . . and, is very common in poetry: as, noctēsque diēsque, E. in CM. 1, both night and day. In prose, it is used by Sallust when the first word is a pronoun: as, mēque rēgnumque meum, I. 10, 2, both myself and my throne; and by Livy to connect two relative sentences: as, omnēs quīque Rōmae quīque in exercitū erant, 22, 26, 5, everybody, both people in Rome and people in the army.
[1651.] After two members without a connective, a third member is sometimes appended by -que: as,
satis habēbat hostem rapīnīs, pābulātiōnibus, populātiōnibusque prohibēre, 1, 15, 4, he was satisfied with keeping the enemy from plundering, foraging, and ravaging.
[1652.] (3.) atque, or before any consonant except h often ac, and, and besides, adds something belonging essentially to what goes before, but more important as a supplement or extension; as,
sē ex nāvī prōiēcit atque in hostēs aquilam ferre coepit, 4, 25, 4, he sprang overboard and furthermore proceeded to bear the eagle upon the enemy. magna dīs immortālibus habenda est atque huic Iovī Statōrī grātia, C. 1, 11, we owe a great debt of gratitude to the gods immortal in general, and to yon Jove the Stayer in particular. atque . . . atque occurs for et . . . et once in Vergil, and once in Silius Italicus.
[1653.] atque is used in comparisons, after words of likeness and unlikeness: as,
parī spatiō trānsmissus, atque ex Galliā est in Britanniam, 5, 13, 2, the journey across is just as long as it is from Gaul to Britain. īdemque iussērunt simulācrum Iovis facere maius et contrā, atque anteā fuerat, ad orientem convertere, C. 3, 20, and they furthermore gave orders to make a statue of Jupiter, a bigger one, and to turn it round to the east, the opposite of the way it originally faced. Sometimes et is thus used after alius, aliter, aequē, pariter, &c.: see the dictionary.