[Sentences of Cause or Concession.]
[1824.] (3.) Relative sentences of cause, reason, proof, or of concession, are equivalent to subjunctive sentences introduced by cum, since, though ([1877]): as,
([a.]) hospes, quī nihil suspicārētur, hominem retinēre coepit, V. 1, 64, the friend, suspecting nothing, undertook to hold on to the man. Often justifying the use of a single word: as, ō fortūnāte adulēscēns, quī tuae virtūtis Homērum praecōnem invēnerīs, Arch. 24, oh youth thrice-blest, with Homer trumpeter of thy prowess. ad mē vēnit Hēraclīus, homo nōbilis, quī sacerdōs Iovis fuisset, V. 4, 137, I had a call from Heraclius, a man of high standing, as is proved by his having been a priest of Jupiter. (b.) Cicerō, quī mīlitēs in castrīs continuisset, quīnque cohortēs frūmentātum mittit, 6, 36, 1, though Cicero had kept his men in camp, he sends five cohorts foraging.
[1825.] With quī tamen, however, the indicative is usual: as, alter, quī tamen sē continuerat, nōn tenuit eum locum, Sest. 114, the other, though he had observed a quiet policy, did not hold the place.
[1826.] Oftentimes, where a causal relation might be expected, a simple declaratory indicative is used: as,
habeō senectūtī magnam grātiam, quae mihī̆ sermōnis aviditātem auxit, CM. 46, I feel greatly indebted to age, which has increased my eagerness for conversation. Particularly thus in old Latin: as, sed sumne ego stultus, quī rem cūrō pūblicam? Pl. Per. 75, but am I not a fool, who bother with the common weal? Compared with: sed ego sum īnsipientior, quī rēbus cūrem pūplicis, Pl. Tri. 1057, but I’m a very fool, to bother with the common weal. Often of coincident action ([1733]): as, stultē fēcī, quī hunc āmīsī, Pl. MG. 1376, I’ve acted like a fool, in letting this man off.
[1827.] The causal relative is often introduced by quippe, less frequently by ut, or ut pote, naturally: as,
‘convīvia cum patre nōn inībat;’ quippe quī nē in oppidum quidem nisi perrārō venīret, RA. 52, ‘he never went to dinner-parties with his father;’ why, of course not, since he never went to a simple country town even, except very rarely. dictātor tamen, ut quī magis animīs quam vīribus frētus ad certāmen dēscenderet, omnia circumspicere coepit, L. 7, 14, 6, but the dictator, naturally, since he went into the struggle trusting to mind rather than muscle, now began to be all on the alert. With quippe quī, the indicative only is used by Sallust, and is preferred by Plautus and Terence. Cicero has, with one exception, the subjunctive, Tacitus and Nepos have it always. Livy has either mood. Not in Caesar. ut quī has the subjunctive. It occurs a few times in Plautus, Cicero, once in Caesar, oftenest in Livy. With the indicative once in Cicero, and once in Tacitus. ut pote quī has the subjunctive. It is used by Plautus, by Cicero, once with the indicative, by Sallust, and Catullus.
[1828.] The indefinite ablative quī, somehow, surely, sometimes follows quippe or ut in old Latin, in which case it must not be confounded with the relative: as, quippe quī ex tē audīvī, Pl. Am. 745, why, sure I’ve heard from you; it cannot be the relative here, as the speaker is a woman.