[201]. The following are examples of noun stems formed from roots or verb stems by simple suffixes added:

Stem.Nominative.From.
fug-ā-fuga, flightfug-, fly
fīd-o-fīdus, trustyfīd-, trust
ac-u-acus, pinac-, point
od-io-odium, hateod-, hate
pluv-iā-pluvia, rainplov-, wet
ar-vo-arvom, tilthar-, till
al-vo-alvos, bellyal-, nurture
sal-vo-salvos, safesal-, safe
fā-mā-fāma, talefā-, tell
teg-min-tegmen, coverteg-, cover
sel-lā-sella, seatsed-, sit
err-ōn-errō, strollererrā-, stroll
som-no-somnus, sleepsop-, sleep
plē-no-plēnus, fullplē-, fill
rēg-no-rēgnum, realmrēg-, guide
da-to-datus, givenda-, give
lec-to-lectus, bedleg-, lie
gen-ti-gēns, racegen-, beget
sta-tu-status, standsta-, stand
rēc-tōr-rēctor, rulerrēg-, guide
e-unt-,iēns, goingi-, go
rege-nt-regēns, guidingrege-, guide
gen-er-genus, racegen-, beget
fur-ōr-furor, madnessfur-, rave

[202]. Formative suffixes are often preceded by a vowel, which in many instances is a stem vowel, real or presumed; in others, the vowel has come to be regarded as a part of the suffix itself.

Thus, -lo-: fīlio-lo-, N. fīlio-lu-s, little son (fīlio-); hortu-lu-s, little garden (horto-, [105, h]); but -ulo-: rēg-ulu-s, petty king (rēg-); ger-ulu-s, porter (√ges-, bear), -ci-: pugnā-ci-, N. pugnā-x, full of fight (pugnā-re); but -āci-: fer-āx, productive (√fer-, bear), -to-: laudā-to-, N. laudā-tu-s, praised (laudā-re); but -āto-: dent-ātus, toothed (denti-). -tu-: equitā-tu-, N. equitā-tu-s, cavalry (equitā-re); but -ātu-: sen-ātu-s, senate (sen-). -lā-: suādē-lā-, N. suādē-la, persuasion (suādē-re, [192]); but -ēlā-: loqu-ēla, talk (√loqu-, speak). -tāt-: cīvi-tāt-, N. cīvi-tā-s, citizenship (cīvi-); but -itāt-: auctōr-itā-s, authority (auctōr-). -cio-: aedīli-cio-, N. aedīli-ciu-s, of an aedile (aedīli-); but -icio-: patr-iciu-s, patrician (patr-). -timo-: fīni-timo-, N. fīni-timu-s, bordering (fīni-); but -itimo-: lēg-itimu-s, of the law (lēg-).

[203]. There are many formative suffixes of nouns. The commonest only can be named, and these may be conveniently grouped as below, by their meanings. Compound suffixes are arranged with reference to the last element of the suffix: thus, under the adjective suffix -io- ([304]) will be found -c-io-, -īc-io-, -tōr-io-, and -ār-io-. In many instances it is difficult to distinguish between simple and compound suffixes.

[I. THE SUBSTANTIVE.]

[(A.) PRIMITIVES.]

[I. THE AGENT.]

[204]. The suffixes -tōr-, -o-, -ā-, -lo-, and -ōn-, are used to denote the Agent: as,

Stem.Nominative.From.
lēc-tōr-lēctor, reader√lēg-, read
scrīb-ā-scrība, writer√scrīb-, write
fig-ulo-figulus, potter√fig-, mould
err-ōn-errō, strollererrā-re, stroll