[246]. The suffixes -io-, -iā-; -tā-, -tāt-, -tūt-, -tū-din-, are used to denote the Quality: as,
| Stem. | Nominative. | From. |
|---|---|---|
| conlēg-io- | conlēgium, colleagueship | conlēgā-, N. conlēga, colleague |
| audāc-iā- | audācia, boldness | audāci-, N. audāx, bold |
| cīvi-tāt- | cīvitās, citizenship | cīvi-, N. cīvis, citizen |
| magni-tūdin- | magnitūdō, greatness | magno-, N. magnus, great |
[247]. These abstracts are feminine, and come chiefly from adjectives or participles, except those in -io-, which are neuters, and come mostly from substantives. Sometimes the same stem takes two or more of these suffixes: as, clāri-tāt- or clāri-tūdin-, brightness (clāro-); iuven-tūt-, in poetry iuven-tāt- or iuven-tā-, youth (iuven-).
(1.) -io- (N. -iu-m), -iā- (N. -ia), -iē- (N. -iēs).
[248]. -iē- sometimes occurs as collateral form to -iā- ([604]); -io- or -iā- is sometimes attached to other suffixes: thus, -t-io-, -t-iā- (-t-iē-); -mōn-io-, -mōn-iā-; -cin-io-.
[249]. -io-, N. -iu-m, chiefly used in compounds, denotes belonging to, with a very wide range of meaning; many of these words are clearly neuter adjectives in -io- ([305]). Suffixed to personal names -io- often denotes the condition, action, or employment, which gives rise to the name; this meaning sometimes passes over to that of result, relation of persons, collection of persons, or place.
[250]. (a.) From simple noun stems: sen-io-, N. sen-iu-m, feeble old age (sen-); somn-iu-m, dream (somno-); sāv-iu-m, love-kiss (suāvi-); silent-iu-m, silence (silenti-); crepund-ia, plural, rattle (*crepundo-); mendāc-iu-m, lie (mendāci-); sōlāc-iu-m, comfort (*sōlāci-, comforting).
[251]. (b.) Direct compounds ([377]): aequinoct-iu-m, equinox (aequo-, nocti-); contubern-iu-m, companionship (com-, tabernā-); prīvilēg-iu-m, special enactment (prīvo-, lēg-).