Highways and Highway Transportation

by George R. Chatburn

[231] The information about Maryland’s signs is taken from articles by Harry D. Williar, Jr., Assistant Chief Engineer of the Maryland State Highway Road Commission, in Public Roads, August, 1921, and Engineering and Contracting, October 5, 1921.

[232] “The ‘Wisconsin Idea,’ as Applied to Detours a Source of Satisfaction to Motorists,” by N. M. Isabella, Assistant Maintenance Engineer, in Concrete Highway Magazine, April, 1922.

[233] An article entitled “Prevent the Proposed Permanent Traffic Towers on Fifth Avenue,” by Wm. P. Eno.

[234] “Electric Lighting,” by O. J. Ferguson; McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.

[235] “Improved Lighting System to be Installed on the Lincoln Highway,” by H. H. Bell, Electrical World, April 15, 1922.

[236] “The Motor Camping Book,” G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York.

[237] “A Jitney Guide to the Santa Fé Trail,” by Nina Wilcox Putnam, in Saturday Evening Post, June 10, 1922.

[238] Interview with Frank A. Harrison in Nebraska State Journal, July 12, 1921.

INDEX

• Accidents, highway, and their mitigation, [351]-[380]
• Agriculture, stage of, in development of civilization, [4]-[6]. See [Farms]
• Amos log loader, working of, [299]
• Anderson, A. P., tables from “Modern Road Building and Maintenance” by, [269]
• Appian Way, famous highway, [23]-[24]
• Ashley, Wm. H., founder of Rocky Mountain Fur Company, [54]
• Asia, early highways in western, [19]-[21]
• Asphalt and asphalt block roads, good qualities of, [265]-[266]
• Assessments for highway improvement, [311]-[321]
• Astor, John Jacob, exploring expedition organized by, [55]
• Automobiles, railway passenger earnings affected by, [163]; effects of, on street-car lines, [164]-[166]; great use of, for pleasure passenger traffic, [187]-[189]; estimate of cost per mile of riding in, [189] [n.]; changes in society produced by, [203]-[208]; effects on health, [211]-[213]; and crime, [213]-[214]; percentage of accidents due to, [351]-[352]; responsibility of the driver for accidents and their avoidance, [352]-[355]; horns for, [356]-[357]; stopping on grades, backing, etc., [357]-[358]; miscellaneous causes of accidents, [358 ff.]; ranking and parking of, [420]-[425]; ramp and elevator garages for, [427]-[429]; gas, air, and water stations, [433]-[434]
• Automotive transportation, analysis and discussion of, [181]-[218]
• Auto trucks, effects of, on railroads, [163]-[164]. See [Trucking by motor]
• Babson, Roger W., quoted on relations between railways and auto trucks, [163]-[164]
• Backing of cars, accidents due to, [357]-[358]
• Baldwin Locomotive Works, origins of, [102]
• Beautification of roads, discussion of, [382]-[416]
• Bible, references in, to highways, [19]-[20]
• Bicycles, influence of, on roads, [127]-[136]; highway accidents due to, [378]
• Bodies, removable, a device for loading and unloading freight, [191]-[192]
• Bonds, issuing of, for highway financing, [322]-[323]; kinds of, [323]-[327]; total cost of a loan, by the three kinds, [327]-[328]; the term of, [328]-[331]
• Boone, Daniel, “Autobiography” quoted, [40]-[42]
• Boone’s Trace, account of, [39]-[43]
• Boston, early railroads centering at, [105]
• Brakes, parts played by, in automobile accidents, [359]-[360]
• Brick roads, good qualities of, [264]
• Bridger Pass, discovery of, [54]
• Bridges, road accidents caused by, [368]
• Buses. See [Motor-buses]
• Cabot, Philip, article by, on New England railways, cited, [162]; calculations and figures by, [171]-[172]
• Calk, William, “Diary” of, quoted, [43]-[46]
• Camden & Amboy R.R., chartering of, [104]
• Camping grounds for motor tourists, [451]-[456]
• Canals, era of, in England, [14]-[15]; in America, [70]-[75]; passenger traffic on, [75]-[76]; inability of, to compete with railways, and results, [76]-[77]; ship, [77]; Sault Ste. Marie, Welland, and Cape Cod, [77]; Panama Canal, [77]-[88]
• Canoes, travel and transportation by, [34]-[35]
• Cape Cod, ship canal across, [77]
• Cattle. See [Stock raising]
• Census. See [Traffic census]
• Central Pacific Ry., building of, [112]
• Charleston & Hamburg R.R., building of, [103]
• Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, building of, [73]
• Civilization, transportation a measure of, [1 ff.]; five stages in, [1]-[2]; stage of Direct Appropriation, [2]-[4]; Pastoral Stage, [4]; Agricultural Stage, [4]-[5]; Handicraft Stage, [6]-[12]; Industrial Stage, [14]-[18]
• Clark, William. See [Lewis and Clark]
• Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, terms of, [83]
• Clermont, Robert Fulton’s steamboat, [89]
• Clinton, De Witt, efforts of, in behalf of canal-building, [71]
• Coaches. See [Stagecoaches]
• Colonial days, transportation in, [34]-[46]
• Concrete roads, good and poor qualities of, [264]
• Consolidated Rural Schools, importance of motor transportation to, [208]-[210]
• Container, the demountable, [176], [192]-[193]
• Cooper, Peter, locomotive built and operated by, [100]-[101]
• Coöperative marketing, advantages of, [277]-[282]
• Corporations, financing of highway transportation by, [345]
• Crédit Mobilier, notorious railway-construction scandal, [115]-[116]
• Crime, the automobile and, [213]-[214]
• “Cross Crossings Cautiously” campaign, [380]
• Culverts, road accidents caused by, [368]
• Cumberland Road, building of, [62]-[64]; extension of, [64]-[66]
• Curves, dangers of, [367]
• Dairying, use of motor truck in, [293]-[294]
• De Lesseps, Ferdinand, and Panama Canal, [80]-[84]
• Des Moines, Iowa, good roads, movement at, [132]-[133]
• Destruction of highways, factors in, [245]-[248]
• Detour signs, [442]-[443]; location of, [443]
• Distance and direction signs for motorists, [436]-[437]
• Driver, responsibility of the, for automobile accidents, [352]-[355]
• Dunlop, J. B., inventor of pneumatic tire, [128]
• Du Pont Road, example of private financing of highway, [307]-[308]
• Durability, an important factor in road building, [254]
• Earth roads, good and poor qualities of, [263]
• Efficiency outline of motor transport, [225]-[227]
• Electric-light poles along highways, [412]-[413]
• Electric traction, operation of street cars by, [122]-[124]
• Elevator garages, [427]-[428]
• Engine. See [Steam engine]
• Eno, William Phelps, development of traffic regulation due to efforts of, [378]-[379]; cited on width of parking spaces, [423]; cited on opera house traffic, [426], [427]
• Eno Foundation for Highway Traffic Regulation, Inc., [379]-[380]
• Erie Canal, building of, [70]-[72]; small profit from, [75]
• Esthetics, highway, [382]-[416]
• Express rates, reduction of, due to short-haul motor trucking, [174]-[175]
• Express terminal stations, [429]-[433]
• Factory products, transportation of, by motor truck, [301]-[303]
• Farms, meaning of the automobile to, [177]; motor trucking to and from, [196]-[201]; Rural Mail Delivery one of many modern advantages, [210]-[211]
• Federal aid, financing of highways and transportation lines by, [332]-[334]; present state of, [334]-[335]; plan of local matching of Federal Aid dollars, [335]-[342]
• Federal Aid Road Act, passage of, [152]-[153]; provisions of, [153]-[154]; rules and regulations for carrying out, [154]-[156]; marked success of, [156]
• Feudal system, government under the, [5]-[6]
• Financing, highway, [343]-[349]
• Forestry, use of motor truck in, [295]-[298]
• France, traffic censuses in, [236]-[237], [240]-[242]
• Garages, public, [427]-[429]
• Gardening, road, [382]-[387]
• Gasoline, stations for selling, [433]
• Gila Trail, [55]; route of, [58]
• “Good roads” movement, growth of, [128]-[129]
• Government, U. S., attitude toward river improvement, [94]-[97]; ownership of railways by, [112]; aid of state and Federal, for better roads, [147]-[156]
• Grain exchanges, account of, [275]-[277]
• Gravel roads, good and poor qualities of, [263]-[264]
• Greece, effects on ancient, of lack of roads, [21]-[22]
• Greeley, Horace, quoted on canals, [76]
• Guides, highway, for motorists, [435]-[445]
• Guilds, medieval, [6]-[8]; destruction or lapsing of, [9]-[10]; functions taken over by government, [10]
• Handicrafts, stage of, in growth of civilization, [6]-[12]
• Harding, President, discussion of transportation problem by, [217]-[218]
• Harriman interests, railway lines held by, [117]
• Haulage. See [Trucking by motor]
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, terms of, [84]
• Health, the automobile and, [211]-[213]
• Henderson, James, early American pioneer, [39]-[43]
• Highway, distinction between road and, [222]
• Highways, important early, [19]-[22]; of ancient Rome, [22]-[27]; classification of, [222]; planning systems of, [222 ff.]; units of systems, [227]-[229]; principles of esthetic construction applied to, [382]-[416]. See also [Roads]
• Hogs. See [Stock raising]
• Hoover, Secretary, quoted on farm motor trucks, [197]
• Horine, M. C., “Economics of Motor Transport” by, quoted, [225]-[227]
• Horns for automobiles, [356]-[357]
• Hotels, accommodations for tourists in, [460]
• Humboldt River route, discovery of, [54]
• Husband, Joseph, “Story of the Pullman Car” by, [120]-[121]
• Individual financing of highway transportation, [343]-[344]
• Information, supplying of, to automobile tourists, [461]-[462]
• Interurban railways, effects of motor competition on, [164]
• Intra-city traffic, calculations concerning, [170]
• Inventions, industrial stage of civilization brought about by, [14]-[15]
• Iron, invention of new methods of smelting, [15]
• Italy, traffic censuses in, [242]
• Jay walking, as a cause of accidents, [377]
• Jefferson, Thomas, Louisiana Purchase arranged by, [48]
• Jerusalem, effects upon, of strategic position, [20]
• Jitneys, earnings of street-car lines diminished by, [165]; importance of business done by, [183]
• John Bull, locomotive, [102]
• Joliet, Louis, early explorer, [46]
• Kay, John, inventor of fly shuttle, [16]
• Kentucky, Boone’s path into, [42]; early railroads in, [106]
• Knight, Jonathan, coning of engine wheels invented by, [101] [n.]
• Lancaster turnpike, building of, [60]-[61]
• Land, grants of, to railways, [110]; grants to Pacific roads, [111]-[114]
• Later California Trail, route of, [57]
• Lauck, W. J., quoted on avoidable railway wastes, [175] [n.]
• League of American Wheelmen, organization of, [128]; good roads movement sponsored by, [129]-[136]
• Lewis and Clark Expedition, account of, [48]-[53]
• Lighting of roads and streets, [447]-[449]
• Lights, on cars, as sources of danger, [361]-[362]; for non-motorized traffic, [378]
• Loading and unloading freight, devices for, [191]-[194]
• Locomotive, invention and early development of, [18]; the first, [99]-[103]; progress in mechanical development of, [119]-[120]
• Louisiana Territory, purchase of, [48]
• Lumbering, improved methods in, due to motor truck, [295]-[300]
• Macadam, J. L., road construction by, [60]
• Macadam roads, good and poor qualities of, [264]
• MacDonald, T. H., classification of highways by, [222]
• Manse, W. H., cited on waste by railways, [176]
• Map signs, sizes of, [439]-[441]
• Marketing, effect of ease and cost of transportation on production and, [273]-[304]
• Marks, highway, for motorists, [435]-[445]
• Marquette, Jacques, explorations of, [46]-[48]
• Massachusetts, state aid for highways in, [150]-[151]
• Merger, railway consolidation by, [117]
• Michigan Central R.R., beginnings of, [106]
• Mining, use of motor trucks in connection with, [300]-[301]
• Mississippi River, steamboat transportation on, [90]-[91]
• Mohawk & Hudson Company, chartering of, [103]
• Moore, W. H., “good roads booster,” [139]
• Morgan interests, railway lines held by, [117]
• Motor-buses, relations between street-car lines and, [165]-[166]; character of business done by, [184]-[187]; extent of suburban and interurban, [196]; terminal stations for, [429]-[433]
• Motor transport efficiency outline, [225]-[227]
• National Good Roads Association, activities of, [139]
• National Road. See [Cumberland Road]
• National system of highways, arguments for, [227]-[229]
• Nebraska State Journal, editorial from, [204]-[205]
• New England, early railways in, [105]
• New Orleans, importance of, due to river traffic, [90]-[91]
• New York Central & Hudson River R.R., beginnings of, [103]-[104]
• New York City, Governor Clinton’s prophecy concerning, [71]-[72]
• New York State, canal-building in, [70]-[74]; automobile roads in, [460]-[461]
• Nicaragua, canal route across, [84]
• “No Accident” campaigns, [380]
• Novelty, Ericsson’s locomotive, [100] [n.]
• Nye, Bill, quoted on roads, [130]-[131]
• Office of Public Roads Inquiry, instituted, [136]-[137]; duties and scope of, widened, [143]-[144]
• O’Hanlon, J., “Irish Emigrant’s Guide to United States,” quoted, [93]
• Ohio, first railway in, [105]-[106]
• Ohio Valley, early lines of travel to, [37]-[38]
• Old Ironsides, first Baldwin locomotive, [102]
• Opera house traffic, special arrangement for, [426]-[427]
• Oregon Trail, traffic over, [54]-[55]; origin of the, [55]-[57]; final route of, [57]
• Pacific railways, building of and land grants to, [111]-[114]
• Packing of goods on turnpikes, [58]-[60]
• Page, L. W., worker for good roads, [142], [144]
• Palestine, roads and highways of, [19]-[20]
• Panama Canal, history of, [77]-[88]
• Parking of automobiles, [421]-[422]; spaces for, a convenience to motorists, [422]-[425]
• Parks, National, visited by automobile tourists, [460]-[461]
• Partnership, financing of highway transportation by, [344]-[345]
• Pedestrians, contributory negligence of, toward accidents, [376]-[377]; rule for, on country roads, [377]-[378]
• Pennsylvania, turnpikes in, [61]
• Pennsylvania R.R., railways held by same interests, [118]
• Peru, roads in ancient, [27]-[31]
• Pioneer, Illinois Central locomotive, [108]
• Pittsburgh, Pa., growth of, [72]
• Plants, climbing, for use in road gardening, [411]-[412]
• Pleasure passenger traffic, use of automobiles for, [187]-[189]
• Poles, telephone and other, along highways, [412]-[415]
• Pope, Albert A., worker for good roads, [133], [136]
• Portages, importance of, in early American period, [36]-[37]
• Potter, I. B., good roads advocate, [129]
• Poughkeepsie, Bus Terminal Station at, [431]-[433]
• Poultry business, efficiency of motor truck in, [294]-[295]
• Prescott, W. H., “Conquest of Peru,” quoted, [28]-[31]
• Production and marketing, relation between ease and cost of transportation and, [273 ff.]
• Public ownership, as a method of financing transportation lines, [347]-[349]
• Pullman cars, development of, [120]-[122]
• Railway crossings, accidents at, [368]-[370]; increase in accidents due to automobiles, [370]-[372]; means of diminishing fatalities, [372]-[376]
• Railways, early development of, in England, [17]-[18]; effects of, on canals, [76]-[77]; account of growth and development of, [99]-[116]; consolidation of, [116]-[118]; mechanical development of, [119]-[120]; street, [122]; relation between transportation on, and on highways, [159]-[168]
• Ramp and elevator type garages, [427]-[429]
• Ranking of cars, [421]-[425]
• Regulations, road and traffic, [378]-[380]
• Resistance of road surfaces, [255]-[257]; due to grade, [257]-[261]
• Richmond, Va., first electric railway operated for profit in, [123]
• River and Harbor Improvement Bills, [96]-[97]
• Rivers, government’s attitude toward improvement of, [94]-[97]
• Road, distinction between highway and, [222]
• Roads, prehistoric American, [27]-[31]; early, in North America, [35]-[36]; evolution of modern wagon, [126 ff.]; influence of bicycle on, [127]-[136]; building of object-lesson, [142]-[144]; state and Federal aid for, [147]-[156]; good, as agencies for health, [212]-[213]; selection of suitable type, [252]-[254]; types of, and their qualities, [263]; comparison of types of, [266]-[270]; bad, as causes of accidents, [363]-[364]; naming and numbering of, [434]-[435]. See also [Highways]
• Robbery, automobiles used in, [213]-[214]
• Rocket, George Stephenson’s locomotive, [100] [n.]
• Rome, roads of ancient, [22]-[27]
• Roosevelt, Theodore, and the Panama Canal, [85]-[86]
• Rotary scheme for traffic, [424]-[426]
• Rural Free Delivery, an agency for better roads, [144]-[147]; effects of, on farmer’s life, [210]-[211]
• “Safety First” campaign, [380]
• St. Louis, Mo., as a fur center, [53]-[54]
• Salt Lake Trail, route of, [57]
• Sand-clay roads, good and poor qualities of, [263]
• San Francisco, cable cars in, [122]
• Sanitariness of roads, [262]
• Santa Fé Trail, traffic over, [54]-[55]; route of, [58]
• Saturday Evening Post, quoted on vandalism, [215]
• Sault Ste. Marie, ship canal and locks at, [77]
• Schools, motor transportation and the consolidation of, [208]-[210]
• Semaphores, use of, by traffic officers, [445]-[446]
• Service stations for automobiles, [433]-[434]
• Shrubs, for planting along roads, [403]-[411]
• Signal lights and colors, [446]-[447]
• Signs, highway, for motorists, [435]-[445]
• Skidding, accidents due to, [359]
• Sleeping car, evolution of the, [120]-[122]
• Slipperiness of road surfaces, [261]-[262]
• Smith, Jedediah, discoveries of, [54]
• South Pass, discovery of, [54]
• Spanish Trail, traffic over, [54]-[55]; route of, [58]
• Speedometer, as an essential, [363]
• Speed signs for motorists, [444]
• Spooning in automobiles, [215]
• Stagecoaches, era of, in England, [11]-[12]; on Cumberland Road, [64]-[65]
• State aid, [147]-[152]; financing highways and transportation lines by, [334]
• State system of highways, arguments for, [229]-[230]
• Steamboats, the first, [89]-[90]; on Mississippi River, [90]-[91]; increasing luxuriance of, [91]-[93]; dangers connected with early, [93]; fares on, [94]
• Steam engine, Watt’s improvements on early, [15]-[16]; attempts to use, in locomotives, [99]-[100]
• Stephenson, George, improvement of locomotive by, [18]; first locomotive put out by, [100]
• Stevens, John, called father of American railroads, [100]
• Stock raising, effect of marketing facilities and road transportation on, [284]-[293]
• Stock subscriptions for highway financing, [331]
• Stockton & Darlington R.R., completion of, [101]
• Stock watering, meaning of, [116]
• Stopping cars on grades, streets, etc., [357]
• Street-car service, progress in, [122]; effect of motor transportation on, [164]; effects of taxicabs, jitneys, and buses, [165]-[167]; competition between motor-buses and, [185]-[186]
• Superelevation of outer side of curved roadway, [364]-[366]
• Systems of highways, planning of, [222]-[270]
• Taxes for road construction, [309]-[321]
• Taxicabs, character and importance of business done by, [183]-[184]
• Telephone poles, highways disfigured by, [412]-[413]; location of, [414]-[415]
• Telford, Thomas, road construction by, [60]
• Terminals, waste at railway, [176]; transferring between, by motor-bus, [187]; improvement of facilities at, caused by motor transportation, [201]-[203]; for buses and express service, [429]-[433]
• Tom Thumb, Peter Cooper’s locomotive, [101]
• Touring by motor, amount of, [450]-[451]; camping grounds for use in, [451]-[456]; camp sites, [458]-[460]
• Towns, truck and bus lines between, [194]-[196]
• Traffic, one way and rotary, [425]-[426]; taking care of opera house, [426]-[427]; guides for, in cities, [444]-[445]
• Traffic census, taking a, for planning of highway, [234]-[236]; methods of taking, [236]-[238]; classification of traffic in, [239]-[245]
• Transcontinental railway lines, land grants to and construction of, [111]-[115]
• Transportation, a measure of civilization, [1]-[32]; classified as primary and secondary, [159]; interrelation between highway and other kinds of, [159] ff.; legitimate fields of agencies of, [168]-[170]; analysis and discussion of automotive, [181]-[202]; social aspect of motor, [203]-[208]; effect of ease and cost of, on production and marketing, [273]-[304]; financing of lines of, [306]-[343]; financing highway, [343]-[349]
• Transylvania Republic, early settlement called, [43]
• Trees, for planting along roads, [385]-[403]
• Tresaguet, French highway engineer, [60]
• Trucking by motor, effects of, on railway earnings, [163]-[164]; length of haul for economical, [170]-[174]; reduction of express rates due to short-haul, [174]-[175]; freight traffic cost under system of, [190]-[194]; traffic between towns, [194]-[196]; general effect of ease and cost of, on production and marketing, [273]-[304]
• Turnpikes, era of, in America, [58]-[60]; construction of, [60]-[61]; effects of railways on, [61]-[62]
• Types of roadway, comparison of, [266]-[270]
• Uniformity in distance and direction signs for motorists, [437]-[438]
• Union Pacific Ry., building of, [112]-[114]
• United States, transportation development in, [34]-[67]
• Units, of highway systems, [227]-[229]; of traffic, [240]-[242]
• Vandalism by visitors to country, [215]
• Vanderbilt interests, railway lines held by, [117]
• Vehicles, unlighted, as sources of danger, [362]-[363]
• Vincent, C., “Letters on Grain Marketing Problems,” quoted, [276]-[277], [280]
• Virginia, transportation improvements in early, [61]; first railroads in, [107]
• Vision, clear, as a means of safety, [366]-[367]; obstacles that obscure, a cause of accidents to pedestrians, [377]
• Wagon road, the modern, [126]-[156]
• Walker, American filibuster in Nicaragua, [80]
• Warning signs for motorists, [439]
• Washington Turnpike Company bill, [67]
• Waste, methods of avoiding, by railways, [175]-[177]
• Waterways, settlement near, in early American period, [36]-[37]. See [Canals] and [Rivers]
• Watkins, Albert, quoted on Oregon Trail, [56]-[57]
• Welland Canal, traffic through, [77]
• Wilderness Road, the, [39]-[43]
• Williams, Perry S., plan of, for information bureaus for travelers, [461]
• Wood block roads, qualities of, [265]