Fig. 85, Cone and seed. Fig. 86, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
2. PINUS CEMBRA
- 1753 P. cembra Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.
- 1778 P. montana Lamarck, Fl. Franç. iii. 651 (not Miller).
- 1858 P. pumila Regel in Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 23.
- 1884 P. mandschurica Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 61, ff. (not Ruprecht).
- 1906 P. sibirica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 388.
- 1913 P. coronans Litvinof in Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. St. Pétersb. xi. 23, f.
Spring-shoots densely tomentose. Leaves from 5 to 12 cm. long, serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts medial or, in the dwarf form, often external. Conelets short-pedunculate, purple during their second season. Cone from 5 to 8 cm. long, ovate or subglobose, subsessile; apophyses dull nut-brown, thick, slightly convex, the margin often a little reflexed, the umbo inconspicuous; seeds wingless, large, the dorsal spermoderm adnate partly to the nut, partly to the cone-scale, the ventral spermoderm wanting.
The Swiss Stone Pine attains a height of 15 or 25 metres and occupies two distinct areas, the Alps, from Savoy to the Carpathians at high altitudes, and the plains and mountain-slopes throughout the vast area from northeastern Russia through Siberia. Beyond the Lena and Lake Baikal it becomes a dwarf (var. pumila) with its eastern limit in northern Nippon and in Kamchatka. It is successfully cultivated in the cool-temperate climates of Europe and America. The wood is of even, close grain, peculiarly adapted to carving. The nuts are gathered for food and confections, but are destroyed in great numbers by squirrels, mice and a jay-like crow, the European Nutcracker. It is generally conceded, however, that these enemies assist in dissemination.
Fig. 87, Cone, seed and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 88, Tree at Arolla, Switzerland. Fig. 89, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of var. pumila.
3. PINUS ALBICAULIS
- 1853 P. flexilis Balfour in Bot. Exped. Oregon, 1, f. (not James).
- 1857 P. cembroides Newberry in Pacif. R. R. Rep. vi-3, 44, f. (not Zuccarini).
- 1863 P. albicaulis Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, ii. 209.
- 1867 P. shasta Carrière, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 390.
Spring-shoots glabrous or pubescent. Branchlets pliant and tough. Leaves from 4 to 7 cm. long, entire, stout, persistent for several years; stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Conelets short-pedunculate, dark purple during the second season, their scales often tapering to an acute apex. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, oval or subglobose; apophyses nut-brown or fulvous brown, dull or slightly lustrous, very thick, the under surface conspicuous, meeting the upper surface in an acute margin, and terminated by a salient, often acute umbo; seed wingless, the testa bare of spermoderm.