Fig. 179, Cones and enlarged conelet. Fig. 180, Leaf-fascicles. Fig. 181, Magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf.
29. PINUS SYLVESTRIS
- 1753 P. sylvestris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000 (excl. var.).
- 1768 P. rubra Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
- 1768 P. tatarica Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
- 1781 P. mughus Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. i. t. 193 (not Scopoli).
- 1798 P. resinosa Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 354 (not Aiton).
- 1827 P. humilis Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 171.
- 1849 P. Kochiana Klotzsch in Linnaea, xxii. 296.
- 1849 P. armena Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.
- 1849 P. pontica Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.
- 1859 P. Frieseana Wichura in Flora, xlii. 409.
- 1906 P. lapponica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 348.
Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 7 cm. long; hypoderm inconspicuous; resin-ducts external. Conelet reflexed, minutely mucronate. Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, reflexed, symmetrical or sometimes oblique, ovate-conic, deciduous; apophyses dull pale tawny yellow of a gray or greenish shade, flat, elevated or protuberant and often much more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo with a minute prickle or its remnant.
A tree of great commercial value, with a very extended range, from Norway, Scotland and southern Spain to northeastern Siberia. A vigorous hardy species and extensively cultivated. The red upper trunk, characteristic of this Pine, is not invariable. The dark upper trunk is sufficiently common to be considered a varietal form (Mathieu, Flore Forest. ed. 4, 582). In various localities may be found trees bearing oblique cones, their apophyses showing various degrees of protuberance up to the extreme development represented in Loudon's illustration of the variety uncinata (Arb. Brit. iv, f. 2047). This cone is the beginning of the changes that culminate in species with oblique cones only. In P. sylvestris, however, the purpose of this form of cone is not apparent except in connection with this evolution.
Figs. 182, 183, Cones. Fig. 184, Leaf-fascicle, magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 185, Habit of the tree.