An Introduction to Philosophy

by George Stuart Fullerton

Kant: on space, 75;
his critical philosophy, 175-180;
his philosophy criticised, 211-218;
references to, 307, 311.
Keynes: 314.

Localisation: of sensations, what, 127.
Locke, John: on doubt of external world, 32;
on substance, 108;
on perception of external world, 166-168;
his empiricism, 209-210;
his attempt at a critical philosophy, 215-216;
on innate moral principles, 240;
reference to "Essay," 310;
his hypothetical realism, 311;
treatment of substance, references, 312.
Logic; the traditional, 224;
"modern" logic, 224-225;
Jevons and Bosanquet referred to, 224-225;
philosophy and, 225-229;
compared with arithmetic, 225-227;
deeper problems of, 227;
Spencer cited, 228;
utility of, 264-265;
references, 314.
Lucretius: his materialistic psychology, 102.

Mach: 14.
Mackenzie: 315.
Malebranche: referred to, 142.
Martineau: 315.
Materialism: primitive man's notion of mind, 100-101;
materialism in the Greek philosophy, 101-102;
refutation of, 111-132;
general account of, 194-197.
Mathematics: nature of mathematical knowledge, 23-25;
arithmetic compared with logic, 225-226;
mathematical relations and cause and effect, 257;
mathematical methods, 256-257.
Matter: what is meant by material things, 51-58;
the material world a mechanism, 147-150.
"Matter" and "Form": see "Form" and "Matter."
McCosh: on mind and body, 120.
Mechanism: the material world a, 147-150;
objections to the doctrine, 148-150;
mind and mechanism, 151-154;
mechanism and morals, 159-164;
mechanism and teleology, reference, 310.
Metaphysician: on the mind, 111 ff.
Metaphysics: psychology and, 230-234;
distinguished from philosophy, 244-245;
uncertainty of, 247;
utility of, 269-272;
traditional divisions of, 315.
Method: scientific method, 256-259.
Middle Ages: view of philosophy in, 8-9.
Mill, J. S.: the argument for other minds, 136-138;
on permanent possibilities of sensation, 289;
his logic, 314.
Mind: the child's notion of, 100;
regarded as breath, 101;
suggestions of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew words for mind or
soul, 101;
materialistic views of, in Greek philosophy, 101-102;
Plato and Aristotle on nature of, 102-103;
doctrine of Plotinus, 103;
of Cassiodorus, 103;
of Augustine, 104;
of Descartes, 105-106;
modern common sense notions of mind, 106-110;
mind as substance, Locke quoted, 108-109;
psychologist's notion of, 110-111;
what the mind is, 111-114;
place of mind in nature, 151-154;
minds active, 162-163;
see also, Mind and Body, and Other Minds.
Mind and Body: is the mind in the body, 115-117;
plain man's notion of, 116;
interactionism, 117-121;
doctrine of Descartes and his successors, 119-120;
plain man as interactionist, 120;
McCosh quoted, 120-121;
objection to interactionism, 121;
parallelism, 121-126;
its foundation in experience, 123-124;
meaning of word "concomitance," 123-125;
time and place of mental phenomena, 126-129;
objections to parallelism, 129-132;
Clifford's parallelism criticised, 130;
mental phenomena and causality, 129;
double sense of word "concomitance," 131-132;
mind and the mechanism of the world, 151-154;
mechanism and morals, 159-164;
"concomitant phenomena" and attainment of ends, 162;
references given on other minds and mind-stuff, 309;
see also, Other Minds.
Mind-stuff: see Other Minds.
Minima Sensibilia: 87.
Modern Philosophy: conception of philosophy in, 9-12.
Monism: what, 193-194;
varieties of, 194-202;
narrower sense of word, 198-202.
Moral Distinctions: their foundation, 159-164.
Muirhead: 315.

Naïve Realism: 181.
"Natural Light": term used by Descartes, 208.
Natural Realism: see Realism.
Nature: place of mind in, 151-154;
order of nature and "free-will," 154-159.
Neo-Platonism: referred to, 8; on the soul as immaterial, 103.
Nihilism: word used by Hamilton, 186.
Noumena: see Phenomena.

Objective Idealism: 189-190; reference to Royce, 311.
Objective Order: contrasted with the subjective, 55.
Ontology: what, 315.
Orders of Experience: the subjective and the objective, 55;
see also, 114.
Other Minds: their existence, 133-136;
Fichte referred to, 133;
Richter quoted, 133;
Huxley and Clifford on proof of, 135;
the argument for, 136-140;
Mill quoted, 136-138;
Huxley criticised, 138-140;
what minds are there? 140-144;
Descartes quoted, 141-142;
Malebranche, 142;
the limits of psychic life, 142-144;
mind-stuff, 144-146;
proper attitude toward solipsism, 291.
Outside: meaning of word, 55.

Panpsychism: the doctrine, 198; references given, 311.
Pantheism: 202.
Parallelism: see Mind and Body.
Paulsen: on nature of philosophy, 305.
Pearson: the "telephone exchange," 38 ff.;
on scientific principles and method, 258-259;
reference given, 306.
Peirce, C. S.: on pragmatism, 219-220.
Perception: see Representative Perception.
Phenomena and Noumena: Kant's distinction between, 176-180.
Philosophical Sciences: enumerated, 13;
why grouped together, 13-17;
examined in detail, 223-259.
Philosophy: meaning of word, and history of its use, 1 ff.;
what the word now covers, 12-17;
problems of, 32-164;
historical background of modern philosophy, 165-180;
types of, 181-222;
logic and, 225-229;
psychology and, 230-234;
ethics and, 240-242;
aesthetics and, 242-243;
metaphysics distinguished from, 244-245;
religion and, 250-254;
the non-philosophical sciences and, 255-259;
utility of, 263-272;
history of, 273-287;
verification in, 276-277;
as poetry and as science, 281-283;
how systems arise, 283-287;
practical admonitions, 288-303;
authority in, 291-296;
ordinary rules of evidence in, 296-298.
Physiological Psychology: what it is, 234.
Pineal Gland; as seat of the soul, 105.
Place: of mental phenomena, see Space.
Plain Man: his knowledge of the world, 19-20; also, 32-36;
his knowledge of space, 73;
on mind and body, 106-110;
his interactionism, 120.
Plants: psychic life in, 143.
Plato: use of word "philosopher," 2;
scope of his philosophy, 6-7;
on the soul, 102-103.
Plotinus: the soul as immaterial, 103.
Pluralism and Singularism: described, 204-205.
Poetry and Philosophy: 281-283.
Poincaré: referred to, 258.
Pragmatism: the doctrine, 219-222;
see also, 296-298, 300-303, and 312-314;
will to believe, references, 310, 312.
Present: meaning of "the present," 97-99.
Psychology: psychological knowledge characterized, 25-28;
attitude of psychologist toward external world, 36-38;
toward mind, 110-111;
philosophy and, 230-234;
double affiliation of, 234-235;
utility of, 268-269;
metaphysics and, 313;
"rational," 315.
Ptolemaic System; 282.
Pythagoras: the word "philosopher," 2.
Pythagoreans: their doctrine, 4.

Qualities of Things: contrasted with sensations, 51-56.

Rational Cosmology: 315.
Rationalism: the doctrine, 206-209.
Rational Psychology: 315.
Real: see Reality.
Realism: hypothetical realism, 168;
"natural" realism, 174;
general discussion of realism and its varieties, 181-187;
ambiguity of the word, 186-187.
Reality: contrasted with appearance, 35;
in psychology, 36-38;
the "telephone exchange" and, 38 ff.;
things and their appearances, 59-61;
real things, 61-63;
ultimate real things, 63-68;
the "Unknowable" as Reality, 68-72;
real space, 80-87;
real time, 93-99;
substance as reality, 111;
real and apparent extension, 113-114;
measurement of apparent time, 128;
Bradley's doctrine of reality, 191-192;
Clifford's panpsychism and reality, 197-198.

Reflective Thought: its nature, 28-31.
Reid, Thomas: doctrine of "common sense," 171-174;
references, 310.
Religion: philosophy and, 250-254;
conceptions of God, 252-253;
God and the world, 253-254; see God.
Representative Perception: plain man's position, 32-36;
the psychologist, 36-38;
"telephone exchange" doctrine, 38-44;
the true distinction between sensations and things, 45-58;
the doctrine of, 165-168;
Descartes and Locke quoted, 165-168.
Richter, Jean Paul: on the solipsist, 133.
Royce: an objective idealist, 311; a monist, 312.

Schelling: attitude toward natural philosophy, 10.
Schiller: on "Humanism," 312-313.
"Schools": in philosophy, 291-296.
Science: philosophy and the special sciences, 12-17;
the philosophical sciences, 13 ff.;
nature of scientific knowledge, 21-28;
compared with reflective thought, 29-31;
science and the world as mechanism, 148;
the conservation of energy, 151-154;
philosophical sciences examined in detail, 223-259;
science and metaphysical analysis, 246-247;
the non-philosophical sciences and philosophy, 255-259;
study of scientific principles, 256-259;
verification in science and in philosophy, 275-277;
philosophy as science, 281-283.
Scientific Knowledge: see Science.
Sensations: knowledge of things through, 33-44;
sense and imagination contrasted, 45-49;
are "things" groups of, 49-51;
distinction between things and, 51-56;
use of the word in this volume and in the
"System of Metaphysics," 306-307.
Sidgwick: on Kant, 311.
Sigwart: 314.
Singularism and Pluralism: described, 204-205.
Skeptics: their view of philosophy, 7-8;
their doubt of reality, 59;
Hume's skepticism, 171.
Socrates: use of words "philosopher" and "philosophy," 2;
attitude toward sophism, 6.
Solipsism: see Other Minds.
Solon: 1.
Sophists: characterized, 6.
Soul: see Mind.
Space: plain man's knowledge of, 73;
said to be necessary, infinite and infinitely divisible, 73-74;
discussion of it as necessary and as infinite, 74-77;
Kant, Hamilton, and Spencer quoted, 75-77;
as infinitely divisible, the moving point, 77-80;
Clifford quoted, 79-80;
real space and apparent, 80-87;
"matter" and "form," 82-84;
extension of imaginary things, 113;
place of mental phenomena, 115-117, also, 126-129.
Spencer, Herbert: his definition of philosophy, 11;
his work criticised, 11-12;
on the "Unknowable" as ultimate Reality, 69-70;
Spencer as "natural" realist, 174;
influenced by Kant's doctrine, 176;
his inconsistent doctrine of the external world, 183-184;
defective logic, 228;
influence of agnosticism, 271;
references given, 307, 311.
Spinoza: his a priori method, 10;
on God or substance, 199;
his rationalism, 208;
his parallelism, 308;
references, 311-312.
Spiritualism: the doctrine, 197-198.
Stoics: their view of philosophy, 7-8; their materialism, 102.
Strong: on other minds, 209; references to, 309, 311.
Subjective Idealism: 187-188.
Subjective Order: contrasted with objective, 55.
Substance: meaning of word, 108;
Locke on, 108;
mind as substance, 111-112;
doctrine of the One Substance, 198-202.
Synthetic Judgments: defined, 179.
Systems of Philosophy: their relations to each other, 283-287.