Scandinavian influence on Southern Lowland Scotch / A contribution to the study of the linguistic relations of English and Scandinavian

by George T. Flom

Clubbit, adj. clubfooted, clumsy. Montg. S., XXVIII; M.P., 13, 30. O. N. klubba and klumba, Norse klubba, Dan., Norse klump. Cp. Eng. clump. Söderwall gives klubba, klobba, probably M. Sw. Cp. N.Dan. klubbe. Exhibits assimilation of mb to bb which is general in W. Scand. Also appears to some extent later in E.Scand. Eng. club is Scand. See Skeat.

Clunk, vb. to emit a hollow and uninterrupted sound. Jamieson, Ayr. O. N. klunka, Norse klunka, to emit a gurgling sound. O. Sw. klunka, Eng. clink shows umlaut.

Clyfft, sb. a cleft, a fissure. Wallace, VII, 859. Norse klyft, kluft, Ic. kluft, Sw. klyfta, Dan. kloft. See also Skeat under cleft, and B.S. cluft. The Sco. word like the M. E. exhibits the umlaut which has taken place in some places in Norway and Sweden. Cog, kog, coggie, sb. a keg, a wooden vessel of any kind. Ferguson, 13; Burns, 195, 51, 2; 195, 50, 6. O. N. kaggi, Norse kagge, Dan. Sw. kagge, a cask, a barrel. Skeat cites the form cag for Eng. diall. The Sco. word preserves more closely the Norse sound, which is not o, but a. On L. G. cognates see Skeat Et.D.

Costlyk, adj. costly, magnificent. Wyntoun, VIII, 28, 76; IX, 18, 66, costlike. O. N. kostligr, costly, choice, desirable. O. Sw. kosteliker, O. Dan. kostælic, N. Dan. kostelig, Norse kosteleg, costly, magnificent. Deriv. costlykly. Wyntoun, VII, 5, 96.

Cour, vb. to bow, to croutch. O. N. kúra, O. Dan. kuræ, O. Sw. kura, Norse kura, kurra, bend down, become quiet, go to rest. Norse kurr, adj. silent, kurrende still, perfectly quiet, cowered to silence. The fundamental idea in the O. N. word was probably that of "lying quiet." Cp. Shetland to cur, to sit down. Isaiah, LVIII, 5: "His head till cower like a seggan flouir."

Cow, vb. to overcome, surpass, "beat." O. N. kúga, to compel to something, to tyrannize over. Dan kue, underkue, suppress, oppress, Norse kua, press down, also put into subjection. The more general meaning in the modern diall. is "to beat." "To cow a'," in Barrie, to beat everything; cow'd, Fergusson 117, terrified.

Craik, sb. crow. Burns, 226, 119, 3, and 121, 1. O. N. kráka, Norse kraake, krauka, Dan. krage, Shetland kraga, crow. See also Wall.

Crave, vb. to demand payment of a debt, to dun. A regular Sco. use of the word. O. E. crafian is a loanword from Scand. See Kluge P. G.² I, 933. Cp. Norse kreva, to dun.

Crove, sb. hut, cottage. Ramsay, I, 158. O. N. kró, a hut, a little cottage (Haldorson), Norse, kro, specialized to "wine or ale house." So in Dan.

Cunnand, adj. knowing, skilful, dexterous. Wyntoun, VII, 3, 28; connand, V, 12, 1243; Douglas, II, 18, 22. O. N. kunnandi, knowing, learned, Norse kunnande, skilled. Deriv. cunnandly, conandly (Wallace, I, 248).