It will be seen from the above, leaving out of consideration the diphthong ou and ai, that the character of a large number of the loanwords is Norse. In a great many cases the E. and W. Scand. form of the word was the same. There are, however, a few words in Sco. that bear a Dan. stamp: sprent, donk and slonk exhibit E.Scand. non-assimilation of nt and nk to tt and kk. Snib corresponds to Dan. snibbe, cp. M. E. snibben. All these have the umlaut. Eng. snub, M. E. snubben and O. N. snubba have the unumlauted vowel. Bud agrees closer with Dan. bud, budh, than O. N. boð, Norse bod. Thraive (Dunbar) and threave (Ramsay) both indicate an original a-vowel, hence correspond better to Dan. trave than O. N. þrefi. To these may be added bask, flegger and forjeskit, which are not found in W. Scand.
[2. (a) The Old Northern Vowels in the Loanwords.]
The values given in the following tables are for Middle Scotch. The symbols used do not need explanation:
[Short Vowels.]
a.
O. N. a in originally close syllable > æ, written a: anger, hansell, apert, ban, blabber, slak, cast, chaff, dash, dram, bang, fang, stang, lack, etc.
O. N. a in originally close syllable before r remains a: bark, carl, carp, farrand, garth, harth, scarth, swarf, and harsk (O. Dan.).
O. N., O. Dan. a in close syllable > é in blether, forjeskit, welter.
a in close syllable > ē (ay, ai) in aynd, baittenin.
a in close syllable remains a, written o in cog.