The early English cotton industry

by George W. Daniels

[Page 161], continuation of note.—It is stated that in 1842 Crompton’s children received £200 from the Royal Bounty Fund in consideration of their father’s invention (Bolton: Its Trade and Commerce (1919), p. 80).

INDEX

• A
• Abram, History of Blackburn, [97]n.
• Acts of Parliament, 1495-1496—indicates import of fustians, [196];
• 1514—regulates making of cloth, [2], [3] and n.;
• 1535—regulates making of cloth, [3];
• 1543—gives information of Lancashire cloth industry, [30-31];
• 1551—regulates cloth making and fixes standards, [3], [5]n., [6];
• 1552-1553—imposes restrictions on middlemen in wool trade, [31];
• 1555—Weavers’ Act, main aim and provisions, [3-4];
• counties excluded from operation, [4] and n.;
• repeal of, [4]n.;
• 1557—modifies Weavers’ Act, [4];
• 1563—Statute of Apprentices, scope of, [48]n.;
• appealed to by check-weavers (1758), [48] and n.;
• repeal advocated, [51];
• repealed, 1813-1814, [49]n.;
• 1566—appoints deputy-aulnagers for Lancashire towns, [4], [5]n.;
• 1577—restrictive character and effects, [31];
• 1597—prohibits use of tenters and enforces regulations of size and weight of cloth, [5];
• indicates English manufacture of fustians, [196];
• 1606—distinguishes between cloths made of perfect wool and cloths in which flocks, etc., entered, [6-7];
• ordains alnage of narrow draperies, [195-196];
• 1700—abolishes previous duties, [7];
• prohibits import and sale of printed or dyed calicoes from East, [19];
• failure of, [20];
• 1702—against payment in truck and embezzlement of materials, [36];
• made permanent in 1710, [37];
• extended to other industries, [37];
• included provisions against combinations, [37];
• indicates organisation of cotton industry, [37];
• 1714—calicoes subjected to additional duty, [92-93];
• 1721—prohibits use of printed or dyed calicoes, [20-22];
• cloths exempted from operation of, [21];
• stimulates printing of other fabrics than calico, [22];
• explained by Manchester Act (1736), [23];
• 1736—Manchester Act, scope of, [23];
• support and opposition to, [24];
• indicates expansion of fustian industry, [39];
• modified Act of 1721 respecting goods made with linen warp, [93];
• 1749—Act of 1702 against unlawful combinations extended, [37];
• 1774—repealed additional duty on calicoes (1714) and prohibition of printed calicoes (1736), [93];
• 1783—gave bounties on export of printed cottons, [197]n.
• Agriculture, many labourers from, become weavers, [144]
• Aikin, Description of Country round Manchester, [25], [26], [28], [59], [60], [62], [121]n., [136]n., [138], [139]n., [161]n.;
• England Delineated, [58]n.;
• England Described, [58]n.
• Ainsworth, P., & Son, [170]
• Ainsworth, R., bleacher, supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, [167], [182]
• Ainsworth, T., supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, [167], [177], [178];
• evidence in support of Crompton’s appeal, [178], [179-182], [183], [184], [189-191]
• Ainsworth, T., & Co., [170]
• America. See [Wars], [Cotton]
• Antwerp, cloth market, [xxv].
• Arkwright, Richard, first patent (1769) for roller-spinning, [1], [29], [76], [79], [80], [97], [100], [114], [122]n., [172], [179], [186];
• improved upon earlier carding-machines, [77-78];
• inventor of crank and comb device, [78], [107];
• second patent (1775) for carding-machine, [81], [100], [106-107];
• brought roller-spinning and machine-carding into use, [111-112];
• his machines produced hard thread suitable for warps, [117], [124];
• his indebtedness to previous inventors, [107], [108-111];
• not inventor of roller-spinning or roving-machine, [110];
• application of steam-power to his machines, [81];
• his profits from patent machinery, [100], [172], [179], [186];
• erected factory at Cromford, [81], [100];
• other factories, [100], [112];
• capital invested in his and partners’ factories, [100];
• concerned in erection of New Lanark Mills, [106], [112];
• alleged to have aimed at cotton monopoly, [112];
• alleged intention of discovering Crompton’s secret, [116]n.;
• secured modification of Acts of 1714 and 1721, [43], [93], [100];
• left Lancashire, [82], [98];
• his machinery destroyed, [82-88];
• antagonism to, [89], [92], [93], [100], [101], [102], [103], [119], [120];
• began actions for infringements of patents, [93], [100], [101], [102], [120];
• first trial and unfavourable verdict, 1781, [102], [119];
• second patent cancelled, [102], [110], [119], [121], [124], [144];
• successful action of 1785, [103-105], [119], [121];
• agitation to reverse verdict of second trial (1785), [105];
• third trial (1785) of validity of second patent, [106-109], [119];
• discussion of his machinery in third trial, [106-110];
• character of, [111], [118];
• as successful man of business, [97-98], [112], [118];
• Case of (1782), [102];
• Patent Trial of, [92]n., [100]n., [102]n., [107]n., [108]n., [109]n., [111]n.
• Arkwright, son of Richard A., subscribed to public subscription for Crompton, [185]
• Artisans, superior, called small farmers by Radcliffe, [142];
• superior, rent land as accessory to industry, [139-140], [142];
• abandon agriculture for work at loom, [141];
• benefit from inventions, [140];
• inferior, entirely dependent on industry, [139-140];
• raised in social status by new industry, [140-141]
• Arts, Society of, inability to assist Crompton, [153]
• Ashley, W. J., Sir, Economic History, [4]n.;
• Economic Organisation of England, [37]
• Ashton, smallware weavers’ combine at, [144]
• Ashworth, H., cotton-spinner and author, [161]
• Augsburg, fustians of, [xxii].
• Aulnager, seal of counterfeited, [4];
• deputy-aulnagers appointed, [4]. See [Lennox]
• Axon, W. E. A., Manchester a Hundred Years Ago, [26]
• B
• Baines, History of Cotton Manufacture, [xxi.], [2]n., [3]n., [12], [16]n., [22]n., [24]n., [29]n., [31]n., [63]n., [77]n., [78]n., [93-94], [97], [98]n., [107], [110], [111]n., [112], [117]n., [124]n., [125]n., [130]n., [132]n.;
• Lancashire and Cheshire, [125]n.
• Baker, improved and enlarged mule, [123]
• Banks, Manchester Man, [127]
• Barkstead, J., connected with silk and copper industries, [16-17], [18]n.;
• applied for patent, for silk manufacture and calicoes, [17], [18];
• had no influence on development of cotton industry, [18], [19]
• Barton, H. and J., & Co., [170]
• Bastable, Public Finance, [63]n.
• Bateman, J., [172]
• Bays, [6], [7]n.
• Belfast, numbers employed in 1800 in cotton industry at, [131]
• Belper, Arkwright’s factory at, [100]
• Bigwood, Cotton, [162]n.
• Billy, combination of mule and jenny for making rovings, [123-124], [181]n.;
• premium to inventor of, [123-124]
• Birkacre, Arkwright’s factory at, [100];
• factories attacked, [82], [92]
• Birley, R., [170]
• Blackburn. See [Petitions]
• Bolton, see [Cottons], [Fustians], [Petitions], [Crompton];
• market, [3], [27], [37];
• sixteenth-century manufacture of cottons and coarse yarns, [3];
• prosecution club, [159] and n.;
• public subscription to relieve distress, 1862, [161];
• population in 1773, [161];
• centre of fine cotton spinning, [162];
• centre of fustian manufacture, [15], [27], [56]
• Bourne, D., patented carding-machine, [77]
• Bridgewater cloth, [6]
• Bridgnorth, Society of Travelling Scotchmen of, [65]
• Bristol, food riots in, [42]
• Brown, J., took lead in second petition on Crompton’s behalf, [159];
• Basis of Mr. Samuel Crompton’s Claims, [78]n., [116]n., [152]n., [153]n., [157]n., [159]n., [172]n.
• Brussels, gilds of journeymen at, [xxiii].
• Burleigh, Lord, [xxvii.-xxviii].
• Burnley, woollen manufacturers support Manchester Act (1736), [24]
• C
• Calicoes, see [Acts of Parliament];
• plain imported, [19];
• manufacture established by new machinery, [91-92], [128];
• made in Arkwright’s factory at Derby, [100]
• Calico-printing, early development in London and Lancashire, [22]n.
• Camden, Britannia, [7]n.
• Canals, [62], [71]
• Cannan, see [M‘Connel;]
• emigrated from Kirkcudbright and became cotton-machine maker, [127-128]
• Carding, see [Arkwright], [Bourne], [Paul];
• mechanical improvements in, [76-77], [110];
• cylinder carding-engine, [110]
• Carriers displace pack-horses, [62]. See [Manchester]
• Case, G., [172]
• Champagne fairs, [xxii].
• Chapman, S. J., Sir, Lancashire Cotton Industry, [40]n., [72]n., [137]n., [143]n., [163]n.;
• Victoria County History of Lancashire, [5]n., [8]n.
• Chapmen, see [Travelling Merchants], [60], [61], [63-65]
• Checks, organisation of manufacture, [40-41];
• articles included in, [25];
• localisation of manufacture, [56];
• check-weavers’ turn-out and submission, [46-52]
• Checks and smallware, Act of 1702 indicates organisation of manufacture, [37];
• makers of, less numerous than fustian-makers, [39];
• organisation in middle of eighteenth century, [40]. See [Combinations]
• Cheshire v. Lancashire. Spinning on Cheshire farms, [139]n.;
• Luddite risings, [154-155]
• Chester, petitioned to be sole port for Manchester cottons, [7]n.;
• food riots at, [86]
• Chetham, George, apprenticed to G. Tipping, [34];
• member of Merchant Tailors’ Company, [34];
• partnership with brother Humphrey, [34]
• Chetham, Humphrey, apprenticed to S. Tipping, [34];
• general merchant and manufacturer, [35];
• accounts of, [35];
• dealer in cotton and linen yarn, [35];
• employed spinners and weavers, [35-36];
• a capitalist clothier, [36];
• sold cotton and yarn in small quantities on credit, [36]
• Chetham, H. and G., business and capital of, [xxiv.-xxv.], [34];
• branches in Manchester and London, [34], [59];
• traded with Ireland, [59];
• not merely fustian dealers, [35];
• mainly engaged in home trade, [59];
• invest capital in land, [34]
• Chetham, James, [34]
• Chethams, engaged in cloth industry, [32-34], [39]
• Children, labour of, in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Manchester, [25-26]
• Chorley, factories attacked, [82], [92]
• Chowbent, [127-128]
• Clarke, New Lancashire Gazetteer, [128]n., [129]n.
• Clegg, A., [170]
• Clothiers, northern, of early sixteenth century, [30-32]
• Cloths, exports of, in 1594 and 1595, [7]
• Cole, Some Account of Lewis Paul, [76]
• Combination Acts expressed views of dominant political class, [146-147]
• Combinations, see [Acts] (1702, 1749), [Mansfield (Lord)];
• coming into existence in early eighteenth century, [52];
• link between earlier associations and trade unions, [52];
• various trades organised before 1790, [54]n.;
• in west of England textile industry, [52] and n.;
• in check and smallware trades, [40-45];
• extended to country districts, [144];
• among mule-spinners, [144]n.
• Communications, road and river, [62], [71]
• Companies formed in South Sea period to promote cotton manufacture, [19]
• Cotton, called cotton-wool, [8];
• import of, early, [2], [16];
• at end of seventeenth century, [16];
• in eighteenth century, [24];
• up to 1815, [132];
• import of, from East, [8], [9], [13], [16];
• from Africa, [16];
• from America and West Indies, [16], [57], [132];
• imported through London, [57];
• previous sources displaced by United States, [16];
• customs on imported cotton, [9];
• early use of, for candle-wicks, [2];
• first used in making cloth, [2];
• made into fustians, vermilions, dymities, [8];
• regular supply necessary to Lancashire in 1654, [13];
• perhaps used in Lancashire for cloth-making in sixteenth century, [7];
• cleaning and carding, early methods of, [75];
• used as substitute for flax in lace-making, [131];
• quantity spun by mules in 1812, [188]
• Cotton cloth, see [Petitions];
• imported before sixteenth century, [2] and n.;
• pure, when manufactured, [29];
• put on same footing as mixed goods, [93]
• Cottons, see [Acts] (1514, 1535, 1551), [Manchester];
• made in Lancashire in early sixteenth century, [2];
• in Bolton district, [3];
• and outside Lancashire, [7];
• exported in sixteenth century, [3], [7];
• manufacture regulated, [3-8];
• faults in making of, [5];
• regarded as species of woollen cloth, [7], [8];
• manufacture introduced by immigrants, [12];
• duties on, abolished, [7]
• Cotton industry, see [Fustian], [Germany], [Lancashire], [Manchester], [Weymouth];
• originated in second half of sixteenth century, [12];
• established by 1621, [10];
• difficulties during commonwealth, [13];
• associated with fustian manufacture, [15];
• comparatively unhampered by regulations, [66];
• development of spinning and preparatory processes after 1736, [72], [76]n.;
• progressive expansion due to inventions, [145], [179], [189];
• expansion after 1770, [1], [72], [91], [132];
• organised on factory system after 1770, [1], [75]n., [98-99], [100];
• factories transferred from country to towns, [126];
• description of, between 1770 and 1778, [133-134];
• statistics of mule and ring spindles, [164];
• organisation and methods changing in 1780, [24];
• expansion by 1812, [179], [189-190];
• assumed modern form in spinning branch, [132];
• employment and capital in 1782, [100];
• fear of removal to Ireland and Scotland, [106];
• manufacture of fine fabrics transferred from East to West, [129] and n.;
• development of fine cotton goods manufacture, [130-131];
• finds extending market in East, [130] and n.;
• use of steam-power in, [81-82];
• domestic system in, [137]n.;
• association of industry with agriculture, [135-137];
• labour supplied mainly from cottagers and small farmers, [139];
• distinction and proportion between small farmers and cottagers engaged in, [137-139];
• semi-independent producers in, [35-36], [134-135], [143] and n.;
• but not typical workpeople, [36-37], [143];
• part-time industrialists in country districts only, [137], [143] and n.;
• classes affected by industrial changes, [139-143];
• wages in, [90-91] and n., [133-134]
• Cotton yarn, imported from East, [8], [9], [16];
• imported from other countries, [29]n.;
• imported from Continent for Scotch manufactory, [180]
• Crank and comb device. See [Arkwright]
• Crofters in Manchester district, [70]
• Cromford, Arkwright’s factory at, [81], [100]
• Crompton, Samuel, birth and early life, [114];
• character, [120-121];
• lacked business qualities, [118], [150];
• death in 1827, [159], [160];
• inventor of mule, [113];
• endeavoured to improve quality of yarn, [114], [167];
• began to construct mule, [114], [167], [168-170];
• completed and used mule, [114], [161], [167], [173];
• gave up weaving and kept to spinning, [167];
• made mule public, [116], [167], [168], [173];
• reasons for not obtaining patent, [118];
• agreed to subscription (1780) as reward for invention, [116] and n., [118], [120], [168-169], [181], [187];
• received only £100 as reward in 1780, [120], [169], [187];
• public subscription for, in 1802, [150], [166-167];
• its poor result, [151], [169], [188];
• Appeal to Parliament in 1812, [151], [153], [154], [155], [170];
• his petition, [172-174];
• memorial and signatures presented to Chancellor of Exchequer, [168-172];
• committee on his petition, [129], [184-185];
• minutes of evidence, [186-191];
• proceedings in reference to his appeal, [155-157], [172-174];
• his petition recommended by Prince Regent, [155], [172];
• presented to Parliament, [172-173];
• award of £5000 in 1812, [151], [155], [158];
• reduced to poverty by 1824, [159];
• annuity raised by friends in 1824, [159];
• further petition in 1826, [159-160];
• gratuity of £50 given to his son, [161];
• combined business of small farmer with that of spinner, [149];
• refused to join Peel’s business, [149];
• difficulty of retaining his workers, [152] and n.;
• embarked without success on bleaching business, [158];
• continued business of spinning and manufacturing at Bolton, [158];
• unsuccessful partnership as spinner and cotton merchant, [158];
• his part in development of mule, [162], [165], [179];
• his account of value of mule to cotton industry, [169-170], [173], [180];
• effects of his work, [162];
• unacquainted with Arkwright’s rollers, [121-122];
• destroyed carding-machine on which he was experimenting, [121];
• relations with members of his family, [152];
• overseer of poor, [149];
• member of Bolton prosecution club, [159]n.;
• monument and statue, [160];
• Hall-i’-th’-Wood museum and memorial, [161] and n.;
• correspondence of, to M‘Connel & Kennedy respecting subscription of 1803, [166-167];
• to M‘Connel & Kennedy respecting proceedings in London, [174-175];
• to M‘Connel & Kennedy, respecting proceedings after sittings of Committee, [192-194];
• to Kennedy respecting petition proceedings, [175-176];
• to family respecting petition proceedings, [176-178];
• to Kennedy respecting evidence for appeal to Parliament, [178-179];
• grant to family from Royal Bounty Fund, [197]n.
• Cumberland exempted from provisions of Weavers’ Act, [4]
• Cunningham, W., Growth of English Industry and Commerce, [12], [49]n.
• Curtler, Short History of Agriculture, [147]n.
• D
• Dale, D., connected with Arkwright and New Lanark Mills, [xxx]., [106]
• Defoe, D., Tour through Great Britain, [61-62], [135]n., [197]n.
• Dehn, German Cotton Industry, [14]n.
• Deptford, industries in eighteenth century and numbers employed, [28]n.
• Derbyshire, miners fix food prices (1764), [84];
• food riots in 1767, [85];
• Luddite risings, [154-155]
• Dictionary of National Biography, [47]n.
• Dimities, made from cotton-wool from Cyprus, [8]
• Distress in 1756-1757, [43];
• Parliamentary measures to relieve, [84-85]
• Dobson, Evolution of Spinning Machine, [75]n., [77]n., [78]n., [128]n., [159]n., [162]n.
• Dobson & Rothwell, makers of textile machinery, [128];
• size of mules made by, in 1799, [162]
• Dodd, Textile Manufacturers of Great Britain, [131]n.
• Domestic system, a system of capitalist employers, [54-55].
• See [Cotton Industry]
• Douai, textile industry of, [xxiv.-xxv].
• Double jenny, [94-95]
• Douglas, W., & Co., [170]
• Dozens, northern, [6]
• Drapery, new, manufacture of, introduced by Flemings in 1561, [12];
• character of, [11] and n.;
• regulation of, [6]
• Draw-boys, [74]
• Drinkwater, T. and J., [172]
• Dunlop, J., [172]
• Dunster cotton, [7]
• Dutch loom, superseded single loom, [40];
• widened scope of employment, [40];
• for narrow fabrics, [72], [74];
• disadvantages of, [72]
• E
• Earle, T., [172]
• East India Co., imported cotton yarn and fine cotton fabrics in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, [16], [18];
• rivals of, [18]
• Economic Journal, [5]n., [31]n., [126]n., [132]n., [150]n.
• Edwards, History of West Indies, [88]n.
• Ellison, Cotton Trade of Great Britain, [57]n., [164]n.
• Embezzlement of materials by workpeople, [36].
• See [Acts] (1702)
• Enclosure Acts, expression of views of dominant political class, [146-147]
• Espinasse, Lancashire Worthies, [20], [29]n., [73]n., [74]n., [76]n., [77]n., [78]n., [80], [81], [82]n., [93]n., [100]n., [102]n., [103]n., [104]n., [105]n., [106]n., [107]n., [110]n.
• Ewart, Rutson & Co., [172]
• F
• Factory system, beginning of, [75]n.
• See [Cotton Industry], [Silk]
• Felkin, History of Machine-Wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, [98]
• Fielden, H. and W., [170]
• Findlay, J., & Co., [172]
• Flanders, textile industries of, [xxiv.-xxv.]
• Flier, used with Saxony wheel, [75], [81]
• Florence, textile industries of, [xxiii.], [xxv.]
• Flying shuttle, invention and importance of, [73], [74];
• see [Kay];
• slow adoption in cotton industry, [73]
• Food riots in 1753 and 1754, [42]
• Forster, J., [172]
• Fox, W., [172]
• French, Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, [17]n., [76]n., [77]n., [113], [114], [116]n., [118], [121], [134]n., [138]n., [149], [150], [151], [152]n., [153]n., [155], [157], [158]n., [159]n., [160]
• Fuller, Worthies of England, [15], [25], [34]
• Fustians, see [Acts], [Bolton], [Combinations], [Cotton Industry], [London];
• manufacture introduced into Europe, [xxi.-xxii.];
• into England, [12];
• stimulated by decline of German cotton industry;
• date of origin of fustian manufacture discussed, [12], [195-196];
• development of fustian manufacture, [12], [15], [23], [39];
• organisation of manufacture, [37-39];
• combined with smallware manufacture, [27-28];
• early large-scale production, [23];
• numbers employed in 1654, [13];
• and in 1735, [23];
• commission system in fustian industry, [37-38];
• country fustian masters, [39];
• centres of manufacture, [9-10], [15], [27], [37], [56];
• regulation of manufacture, [11], [195];
• wages in fustian trade, [91]n.;
• materials used in manufacture, [29], [35];
• regarded as woollens, [11];
• not made of pure cottons in seventeenth century, [19], [22], [196];
• a species of new drapery, [196];
• range of goods comprised by, [28];
• imported, [2]n., [196];
• exported, [9], [60];
• fustian tax, agitation against and repeal, [63] and n., [103-104]
• G
• Gaskell, Artisans and Machinery, [139]n.;
• Manufacturing Population of England, [56]n., [137]n., [139-144];
• dislike of factory system, [139]
• Gentleman’s Magazine, [46]n.
• Germany, cotton industry in fourteenth century, [13-14];
• effects of Thirty Years’ War on, [14];
• effects of decline in English fustian industry, [13-14]
• Ghent, textile workers of, [xxiii].
• Gilds, textile, [xxii.-xxiii].
• Gladstone, J., [172]
• Glasgow merchants support Manchester Act (1736), [24]
• Gras, Early English Customs System, [2]n.
• Greg & Ewart, [170]
• Guest, British Cotton Manufacture, [43], [80]n., [94], [95]n., [96]n., [97]n., [111]n., [124]n.;
• Compendious History of Cotton Manufacture, [38], [39], [60], [73]n., [74]n., [96], [108]
• H
• Hakluyt, [3]
• Halifax, hawkers and pedlars, [64-65]
• Hammond, Cotton Industry, [132]n.
• Hammond, J. L. and B., [83]n.
• Hand-loom. See [Loom]
• Hansard, [155]n., [156]n., [157]n.
• Hanseatic League, [xxvi.-xxvii].
• Hanson, E., Boroughreeve of Manchester, [32]n.
• Hargreaves, of Toddington, improved mule, [123]
• Hargreaves, James, experimented on carding-machines, [78];
• invented and patented spinning-jenny, [78], [80], [97], [112], [114];
• left Lancashire through opposition, [82], [92-95];
• took action for infringement of patent, [93-94];
• patent not upheld, [92], [96];
• made spinning-jenny practicable, [97];
• cotton-mill at Nottingham, [97] and n.;
• estate of, [97]n.;
• evidence of widow and son against Arkwright, [107];
• alleged inventor of crank and comb device, [78], [107]
• Hawkers and pedlars, duties on, [63-64]
• Hayes, inventor of roving-engine, [110]
• Heathcote, invented lace-making machine, [131] and n.
• Highs, Thomas, reputed inventor of jenny and roller-spinning, [94-97], [108], [110], [111];
• invented double-jenny, [94-95];
• aptitude for invention, [96];
• witness against Arkwright, [95];
• associated with Kay in making roller-spinning machines, [108-110];
• alleged to have improved carding-machine, [111]n.
• Hollingworth, Mancuniensis, [30]
• Hollingworth, R., [30]n.
• Horrocks & Co., [172]
• Horrocks, J., manufacturer of fine cotton fabrics, [130-131];
• helped to make power-loom practicable, [140]n.;
• supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, [167]
• Horwich, cotton yarns reported to be spun at, in 1510, [2]n.
• Houldsworth, H., fine cotton spinner, [127]
• Houldsworth, T. and J., fine cotton spinner, [127]
• I
• India, import of cotton fabrics from, [130];
• export of cotton fabrics to, [130] and n.
• Industrial Revolution, a general transition in industry and agriculture, [xxix.], [1], [145-146];
• an acceleration of previous developments, [145];
• popular view of, inaccurate, [54];
• Napoleonic War a dominant factor in, [147-148];
• social evils of, due to Napoleonic War, [146-148]
• Inventions, effect of, [66], [72], [91];
• opposition to, [82]
• Ireland, linen-yarn from, used in fustian manufacture, [9], [58];
• Irish Parliament passed commercial propositions, [104];
• important source of supply of linen-yarn, [8], [58];
• different qualities of Irish linen-yarn, [58]
• Italy, early cotton industry of, [xxii].
• J
• James, T., partner of Hargreaves’, [97]
• Jenny, see [Double-Jenny], [Hargreaves], [Highs];
• introduction of, [38], [95], [114];
• was outcome of previous efforts, [145];
• invention of, [76];
• controversy as to inventor, [96] and n.;
• description of, [79-80], [96];
• greatly facilitated spinning of weft, [97];
• produced soft thread only suitable for wefts, [116-117];
• defects of, [80-81];
• growing use of, [90], [95], [97], [124];
• number of spindles increased, [80];
• number at work in 1788 estimated, [121]n.;
• used for waste, [181];
• used in woollen industry more than in cotton, [124]n.;
• superseded hand-wheel, [124];
• superseded by mule, [97], [124];
• conditions when introduced, [88]
• Johnson, helped to make power-loom practicable, [140]n.
• Jones, W., [170]
• Journal of House of Commons, [20]n., [23]n., [24]n., [29]n., [36]n., [37]n., [52], [58]n., [59]n., [64], [65]n., [82]n., [89]n., [90]n., [99]n., [102]n., [155]n., [156]n., [157]n., [174]n.
• K
• Kay, John, invented and patented flying-shuttle, [73] and n.;
• other inventions of, [73];
• appealed for recognition of his inventions, [73];
• connection with Arkwright and Thomas Highs, [108];
• witness against Arkwright in third trial, [108], [111];
• death in France, [74]
• Kay, Robert, inventor of drop-box, [73]
• Kelly, Wm., manager of New Lanark Mills, applied water-power to mules, and patented self-actor mule, [125]
• Kennedy, James, brother of John, cotton-spinner, [127], [172];
• came to Lancashire from Kirkcudbright, [127].
• See [Crompton], [M‘Connel and Kennedy]
• Kennedy, John, eminence in cotton industry, [126];
• improved mule, [126] and n.;
• apprenticeship, [127];
• connection with M‘Connel & Kennedy terminated, 1826, [132];
• promoted public subscription on behalf of Crompton, [150];
• assisted Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, [154], [166-168];
• raised subscription to purchase annuity for Crompton, [159] and n.;
• Brief Memoir of S. Crompton, [75]n., [78]n., [113], [114], [116]n., [121], [122]n., [123]n., [124]n., [125]n., [130-131], [132]n., [154]n., [158]n., [159];
• Early Recollections, [127]n.;
• Rise and Progress of Cotton Trade, [75]n., [76]n., [122]n., [126]n.
• Kersies, [6], [7]n.
• Kirkcudbright, migration of young men from, to Lancashire, [127]
• L
• Lace, demand for fine cotton yarn for manufacture of, [131]
• Lancashire and Cheshire Wills, [2]n., [32]n., [33]n.
• Lancashire, exempted from provisions of Weavers’ Act, [xxv.-xxviii.], [4];
• fustian manufacture, [9], [10];
• not opposed to restrictive legislation, [20];
• textile industry, [28], [29];
• number employed in linen industry, [29];
• organisation of cloth industry in sixteenth century, [30], [31];
• workers’ combinations and disturbances, [45];
• cotton manufacture established by beginning of seventeenth century, [65];
• cotton manufacture progressive before 1770, [65];
• new cotton manufacture arose at end of eighteenth century, [66], [72];
• fine fabrics manufacture, [131];
• small proprietors engaged in industry, [136];
• contrast between town and country weavers, [136-137];
• workers benefit from development, [144];
• Luddite risings, [154-155].
• See [Cotton Industry], [Combinations], [Petitions]
• Lancaster traders support Manchester Act (1736), [24];
• Assizes (1758), [45-46];
• light punishment of check-weavers, 1759, [51];
• port of entry for cotton, [57-58]
• Lee, G., promoter of subscription on Crompton’s behalf, [150], [170], [174], [182];
• predecessor of Robert Owen, [150]n.;
• partner in firm of Phillips & Lee, [150]n.;
• assisted Crompton in appeal to Parliament, [154], [157];
• evidence before Committee on Crompton’s petition, [187-189], [191];
• letter relative to amount of award to Crompton, [192]
• Leeds, food riots in 1753, [42]
• Leicester, Luddite risings, [154-155]
• Leigh, a centre of fustian manufacture, [56]
• Leland, Itinerary, [3] and n.
• Lennox, Duke of, alnager of new drapery, [9], [10], [11], [197]n.
• Leyden, journeymen fullers of, [xxiii.]
• Linen industry, numbers employed in, [29];
• excluded from operations of restrictive legislation. See [Lancashire], [Manchester], [Ireland]
• Linen-yarn, used in fustian manufacture, [9], [29], [58];
• German used as substitute for Irish, [58]
• Linwood Company, [172]
• Liverpool purchased grain in 1756 to relieve distress, [43];
• superseded London as chief entry port for cotton, [57-58]
• London Weavers Company oppose Manchester Act (1736), [24];
• hawkers’ and pedlars’ society, [65]n.;
• silk industry and silk-throwsters, [98]n.
• Loom, hand, [72-73];
• predecessor of Jacquard loom for weaving draw-boys, [74] and n.
• Lowe, Present State of England, [147]n.
• Luddite risings in 1811-1812, [154-155]
• M
• Macclesfield silk-throwsters, [98]n.
• Machine-breaking in 1767 and 1779, [82], [92];
• causes of, [82-83], [88-90], [95]n.
• Macpherson, Annals of Commerce, [83]n., [84]n., [85]n., [87], [88]n.
• Manchester Athenæum, [119];
• Court Leet Records, [26]n., [32]n., [58]n.;
• Directory, [26];
• analysis of trades from (1772), [67-68];
• Mercury, [42]n., [43], [44], [45], [46], [52], [53]n., [54]n., [59]n., [60]n., [62], [63]n., [82]n., [84]n., [85]n., [87]n., [93], [94]n., [95], [101]n., [102]n., [103]n., [104]n., [105]n., [106]n., [110], [119], [136], [143]n., [147]n.;
• Statistical Society, Transactions of, [144]n., [151]n., [155]n.
• Manchester, see [Acts] (1736), [Petitions];
• eminent for woollen cloths or Manchester cottons, [7]n.;
• Fuller’s account of Manchester cottons, [15];
• sixteenth-century cloth industry, [30-31];
• manufactures in 1650 and 1751, [25-26];
• linen weaving in seventeenth century, [8];
• lost making of webs and ticks to west of England, [26];
• made pure cotton goods, [27], [29] and n.;
• fustian manufacture, [15], [27], [56];
• growth of thread manufacture, [28]n.;
• Dutch machines and mechanics introduced, [27];
• packs leaving in 1751, [26];
• reputation in 1543, [30-31];
• wheat prices, 1753-1758, [42-43];
• 1759-1765, [84];
• food riots, 1753 and 1756, [42-44];
• in 1762, [84];
• check-weavers turned out in 1758, [47];
• and tried in 1759, [51];
• flourishing in 1759, [52];
• yarn merchants, [58];
• Manchester goods exported in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, [59];
• trade of, [58-60];
• carriers, [63], [71];
• warehouses of country traders in, [69];
• crofters in Manchester district, [70];
• first steam cotton factory, [81];
• precautions against machine-breaking, [82];
• Society of Agriculture, [86];
• Assize of Bread in 1766, [85] and n.;
• Arkwright’s factory, [100];
• cotton manufacturers’ company, 1774-1778, [101]n.;
• Committees for Protection of Trade, [100-101], [103], [118-119];
• manufacturers oppose Irish commercial propositions, [104];
• riots in 1812, [154-155], [157];
• Society for Prosecution of Felons, [159]n.
• Mansfield, Lord, charge to jury regarding combinations, [45-46], [51];
• advocated repeal of Statute of Apprentices, [51]
• Mantoux, P., La Révolution Industrielle, [96]n., [97], [100]n.
• Marsland, P., [172]
• Marriott, J., threadmaker, [28]n.
• Martineau, H., History of the Peace, [83]n.
• May, J., Declaration of the Estate of Clothing, [6]n., [10], [11]n.;
• deputy alnager, [10]
• M‘Connel, James, eminence in cotton industry, [127];
• left Kirkcudbright and was apprenticed to Cannan, [127]
• M‘Connel & Kennedy, began business (1791) with capital of £250, [150];
• made machinery and rovings, [124]n., [128];
• size of mules made by, [162];
• supplied Belfast and Glasgow with fine cotton yarns, [132];
• correspondence of, reveals industrial situation, [147]n.
• See [Crompton]
• M‘Hewham, J. and J., [172]
• Mellor, description of, [136-138];
• census (1801), details of, [138]
• Merchant Adventurers’ Company, [xxv.-xxvii.]
• Meredith, H. O., Economic History of England, [83]n.
• Middleton, size of farms in, [136];
• farms held by weavers, [316]
• Midgley, T., curator of Chadwick Museum, Bolton. See [Bolton], Souvenir of Royal Visit to
• Milne, invented cotton-roving machine, [103];
• subscription on behalf of, [103], [119], [120]
• Monthly Literary and Scientific Lecturer, [22]n.;
• Monthly Magazine, [120]
• Mordaunt, Col., defendant in trial for infringement of Arkwright’s patent, [102]
• Morris, introduced Paul’s carding-machine into Lancashire, [78]
• Mosier, W., chapman, [33], [34]
• Mosley, A., clothier, business and accounts of, [xxv.], [33];
• will of, [32] and n.;
• Sir N., Lord of Manor of Manchester, [32]
• Mule, see [Billy], [Jenny], [Crompton];
• called Hall-o’-th’-Wood wheel, [166], [168], [173], [190-191];
• description of, [117-118], [162];
• value to cotton industry, [169-170], [173], [180];
• corrected defects of Arkwright’s machinery, [117], [179-180];
• relation to jenny and Arkwright’s machinery, [116], [117], [119], [172-173], [179], [180];
• produced satisfactory thread for fine work, [116], [118], [124], [128-129], [173], [179-180], [191];
• produced thread suitable for warps and wefts, [117], [167], [173];
• produced fine muslin and cambric manufactures, [129], [169], [173], [180], [186-187], [190];
• partly superseded water-frame, [124], [163], [189];
• superior to ring-frame for higher qualities of yarn, [164];
• increasing use, [121] and n., [187];
• increase in size and improvement, [121-123], [125], [126] and n., [162-163];
• present-day mules, [163-164];
• value of machines, buildings and power in 1812, [191];
• employment resulting from, [169], [181], [188], [191]
• Mule, double, superseded single, [125] and n.;
• mule, self-actor, not at first satisfactory, [125];
• improvements of mule culminated in, [163]
• Mule-spinners, high wages, [122];
• privations and organisation of, [144] and n.
• Murray, Adam, apprenticed to Cannan on leaving Kirkcudbright, [127]
• Murray, A. and G., [127], [172].
• See [Mule], [Oldknow], [Shaw]
• Muslins, Eastern manufacture of, [129];
• Continental demand for muslin yarns, [131];
• British manufacture of, [129]n.
• N
• Need, S., in partnership with Arkwright, [98], [103]
• New Lanark cotton mills erected, [xxx.], [106], [172].
• See [Owen], [Arkwright]
• Northumberland excluded from provisions of Weavers’ Act, [4]
• Norwich, opposition of woollen manufacturers to printed fustians, [23];
• export of English, [7]
• Nottingham, Earl of, [18];
• lace industry, [131];
• Luddite risings, [154-155]
• O
• Ogden, Description of Manchester, [26-29], [37-39], [40], [73], [74]n., [80]n., [94]n., [95]n.
• Oldham, a centre of fustian manufacture, [56]
• Oldknow, S., made fine fabrics, muslins, etc., [129]n., [130-131], [172]
• Orr, W. and J., [172]
• Owen, Robert, apprenticeship, [129]n.;
• connection with New Lanark Mills, [106];
• began to manufacture mules, [126], [127];
• spinner of thread from rovings, [124]n.;
• Autobiography, [106]n., [124]n., [125]n., [126]n., [129]n., [150]n.
• P
• Papplewick, first steam cotton-mill at, [81]
• Patents, general dislike of, prevalent, [118]
• Paul, Lewis, first patent embodying idea of spinning by rollers, [76], [111];
• but not very successful, [76-77];
• second patent (1758), [77];
• invented pinking-machine, [77];
• carding-machine of, [77-78], [111]
• Peel, Robert, of yeoman class, [142];
• experimented with carding-machines, [78];
• his machinery destroyed, [92]n.;
• opposition to Arkwright’s patents, [102-120];
• opposed Irish commercial propositions, [104];
• number of employees (1784), [104];
• failed to persuade Crompton to join his business, [149];
• exerted himself on Crompton’s behalf, [149], [167], [175], [176], [184], [192], [193];
• evidence to Committee on Crompton’s petition, [186];
• his opinion valued by Government, [174]
• Peel, Robert, junior, [172]
• Peel, Yates & Co., [172]
• Penistone cloth, [6]
• Perceval, Spencer, his part in Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, [174-176], [178];
• assassination of, [157]
• Percival, T., accused of assisting check-weavers’ combination, [47];
• proposals for settlement, [48-52];
• Letter to a Friend, [46-51], [56]n., [57]n.
• Peterborough, opposition to Manchester Act (1736), [24]
• Petitions, for import of cotton wool (1654), [12-13];
• against import of cotton fabrics, [20];
• of fustian manufacturers, [23];
• of Lancashire clothiers, [31];
• against truck payments, [36];
• from travelling merchants against being classed as hawkers, [61];
• on account of distress (1780), [88-89];
• of silk manufacturers regarding decline of trade, [98]n.;
• for and against Arkwright’s patents, [102-103];
• from Weymouth against prohibition of calicoes, etc., [21];
• from Manchester and Bolton (1808) for peace, [154-155];
• from Blackburn and Preston (1812) against continuance of war, [156]
• Piacenza, light cottons of, [xxii.]
• Pitman, Development of British West Indies, [88]n.
• Pococke, Travels Through England, [28]n.
• Pollard, J., [127]
• Power-loom, [125], [140]
• Price, W. H., “On Beginning of Cotton Industry in England,” [8]n., [9]n., [195]n., [197]n.
• Proctor, Memorials of Bygone Manchester, [25]n.
• Putting-out system, [56], [143]
• Q
• Quarterly Journal of Economics, [8]n.
• R
• Radcliffe, Origin of Power-Loom Weaving, [xxix.], [56]n., [59]n., [60], [133], [135], [136], [142];
• helped to make power-loom practicable, [140]n.
• Raines and Sutton, Life of Humphrey Chetham, [34], [35], [59]n.
• Reading, industries and numbers employed in eighteenth century, [28]n.
• Records of Fort St George, [16]n.
• Regulation of industry and commerce, see [Acts of Parliament];
• broke down in seventeenth century, [65-66]
• Report on Commerce, Manufacturers and Shipping (1833), [22]n., [134]n.;
• Report of Committee on Textile Trades, [1]n., [130]n.;
• Report of Committee on Cotton Weavers’, etc., Petitions, [144]n.;
• Report of Committee on Emigration, etc. (1826-1827), [136-137];
• Report of Committee on State of Children Employed in Manufactories, [91]n., [126]n., [127]n.;
• Report of Tenth International Cotton Congress, [164]
• Riders-out, [62]
• Ridgway, J., evidence before Committee on Crompton’s Petition, [191]
• Ridgway, T., & Sons, [172]
• Ring-spinning frame, modern rival of mule, [163];
• predominates outside U.K., [164];
• statistics of, [164]
• Roberts, Lewis, Treasure of Traffike, [8], [12], [57]n.
• Roberts, Richard, invented satisfactory self-actor mule, [125];
• perfected power-loom, [125];
• owned nearly a hundred patents, [125]n.
• Robinson, J., [172]
• Rochdale, small farms held by manufacturers, [136]
• Roller-spinning. See [Arkwright], [Paul]
• Roscoe, W., [172]
• Rothschild, Nathan Meyer, [xxx.-xxxi.]
• Roving, methods of, [79];
• making of rovings became a distinct business, [124]
• Royton, [144]
• S
• Salford, Society of Agriculture, [86]
• Schoff, Periplus of Erythrean Sea, [129]n.
• Scotland: Scotch linen yarn imported for fustian manufacture, [9], [58];
• fancy manufacture, [131], [180];
• effects of mule on, [180], [188], [190]
• Scott, Prof. W. R., [18]n.;
• Joint Stock Companies, [12]n., [16]n., [18]n., [19]n., [66]n.
• Shaw, J., attempted to manufacture muslins, [125]
• Shop-tax, [63-64]
• Shrewsbury, chapmen’s society, [65]
• Silk industry, factory system developed earlier than in cotton industry, [98] and n.;
• organisation in eighteenth century, [98]n.
• See [London], [Macclesfield]
• Simpson, J., [172]
• Slack, Remarks on Cotton, [58]n.
• Smallware, see [Checks], [Worsted];
• articles included in, [25];
• worsted entered into smallware manufacture, [29];
• weavers’ combination and attack on, [44-45];
• further dispute in 1781, [53-54]
• Smiles, S., Huguenots, [12]n.;
• Industry and Invention, [98]n.;
• Lives of Engineers, [61]n., [81]n., [104]n.
• Smith, Wars Between England and America, [83]n.
• Smollett, History of England, [42]n., [46]n.
• Spinning, backwardness in 1735, [74];
• reward offered for invention of machinery, [78];
• improvement after 1760, [78].
• See [Roller-spinning]
• Spinning-jenny. See [Jenny]
• Spinning-wheel, method of spinning by, [75];
• Jersey and Brunswick, [75];
• Saxony, used mainly for flax and wool, [75]
• Stanley, Colonel, supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, [174-175], [178];
• Lord, supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, [174-178], [192], [193];
• Chairman of Committee on Crompton’s petition, [186], [191]
• State Papers Domestic, [5]n., [6], [7], [8]n., [13]n., [17]n., [18]n., [19]n., [31], [66], [195], [196]
• Stirling, W., & Sons, [172]
• Stockport, food riots in 1757, [43]n.;
• muslin manufacture, see [Oldknow]
• Stones, H., first made mules after Crompton, [123];
• improved mule, [123]
• Strutt, J., in partnership with Arkwright, [98], [103];
• of yeoman class, [142]
• T
• Taunton Cloth, [6]
• Tawney, R. H., Assessment of Wages by Justices of Peace, [49]n.
• Taylor, patented a spinning machine, [78]
• Tenters, use of, prohibited, [5]
• Thompson, R., & Sons, [172]
• Throstle, an improvement of water-frame, [163]
• Tipping, S. and G., linen drapers, of Manchester, [32] and n., [34].
• See [Chetham, H. and G.]
• Todd, Shorbridge & Co., [172]
• Tooke, History of Prices, [83]n.
• Touchet, J. T. and G., & Co., [172]
• Travelling merchants, or Manchester men, method and scale of business, [61-62]
• Trade unions, see [Combinations];
• development checked by Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, [55], [148]
• Truck payments. See [Acts] (1702)
• U
• Ulm, fustian industry of, [xxii.]
• Unwin, Prof. G., Industrial Organisation in XVIth and XVIIth Centuries, [4]n., [36]n., [49]n., [53] and n., [66]n., [101]n.;
• Gilds and Companies of London, [66]n.
• Ure, Cotton Manufacture, [16]n., [29]n., [76]n., [81]n., [119], [122]n., [131]n., [162]
• V
• Venice, cotton imports of, [xxii.]
• Vermilions, manufactured from cotton-wool from Cyprus and Smyrna, [8]
• W
• Wages, effects of new machinery on, [90-91];
• of hand-loom weavers, 1795-1807, [134]n.
• Wakefield traders support Manchester Act (1736), [24]
• Water-frame, see Arkwright, Throstle; was outcome of previous efforts, [145];
• complementary to jenny, [80];
• spinning and winding simultaneous with, [81];
• horse-power employed with, [81];
• useful for coarser counts and warp yarn, [124];
• incapable of spinning weft or producing thread of fine texture, [172-173], [179], [180], [186], [190];
• influence on expansion of cotton industry, [179]
• Ware, Life and Correspondence of S. Hibbert, [58]n., [63]n.
• Warrington, industries and numbers employed in eighteenth century, [28]n.
• Wars:
• Seven Years’ War and War of American Independence, cause heavy taxation, [63];
• and dislocation of trade and distress, [46], [86-89];
• French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, economic effects of, [83], [130], [144];
• intensified effects of economic change, [146];
• checked movement for social development, [146-148];
• Napoleonic War, social retrogression due to, [146-148];
• repression and class legislation due to, [146-147];
• situation created by, compared with European War, [147];
• dominant factor in social and economic history, [147-148];
• left disturbed industrial relationships, [148];
• caused fluctuation of trade and distress, [154];
• crisis of 1810, [154];
• with America in 1812, [154]
• Watt, J., patents steam-engine, [81];
• supports Arkwright in second trial, [104];
• evidence before Committee on Crompton’s petition, [189]
• Weavers’ Act (1555). See [Acts]
• Webb, S. and B., History of Trade Unionism, [49]n., [52], [147]n.
• Westerfield, Middlemen in English Business, [61], [62]
• Westmorland, excluded from provisions of Weavers’ Act, [4]
• Weymouth, cotton manufacturers’ petition, [21]
• Wheeler, History of Manchester, [92]n., [102]n.
• Whitehaven, traders support Manchester Act (1736), [24];
• port of entry for cotton, [57-58]
• Whitsters. See [Crofters]
• Wilks, The Half Century, [83]n.
• Wolstenholme, patent for manufacture of cotton velveteen, [101]
• Worsted smallware, see [Combinations], [Checks];
• four classes engaged in making, [40];
• fortunes of manufacturers, [40-41];
• apprenticeship regulations, [41];
• undertakers, [40], [41];
• weavers wish to control employment conditions, [42-44];
• wages problem in 1756, [42-43]
• Weavers’ Apology, [40], [44]
• Wright constructed double-mule, [125]
• Wylde, partner of S. Crompton, [158]
• Wylie and Briscoe, History of Nottingham, [97]n.
• Y
• Yarn, see [Cotton], [Linen];
• fine, small capital of leading early spinners, [127];
• fine, demand for, [131];
• distribution of, among country weavers, [143]
• Yates, W., supported Crompton’s appeal to Parliament, [167], [170], [174]
• Yeomen, affected by industrial changes, [139-140];
• turned attention to industry, [141];
• obtained machines and produced yarn in farm-houses, [141];
• unable to compete with factories, [141-142];
• lost agricultural status, [141-142];
• a few successful as steam manufacturers, [142]
• Yorkshire exempted from provisions of Weavers’ Act, [xxviii.], [4];
• Luddite risings, [154-155]

THE RIVERSIDE PRESS LIMITED, EDINBURGH

[1] Baines, History of Cotton Manufacture, pp. 38-43.

[2] A. Schaube, Handelsgeschichte der romanischen Völker des Mittelmeergebiets, pp. 159-160.

[3] F. Bourquelot, Etudes sur les foires de Champagne, i. 273.

[4] E. Nübling, Ulms Baumwolleveberei im Mittelaltes in Schmollers Forschunsen, Bd. IX.

[5] Ashley, Economic History, vol. i., pt. i., ch. 3. Unwin, Gilds and Companies of London, pp. 42-46.

[6] Unwin, Industrial Organisation, pp. 30-31; A. H. Johnson, History of Drapers Company, i. G. des Marez, Organisation du Travail à Bruxelles.