Transpiration and Excretion. Skin, function in excretion. Bathing. Care of skin. Hot baths. Bathe at least twice a week. Cold baths, how taken. Bathtub not a necessity. Effect of latter on educating skin to react. Relation to catching cold.
Care of Scalp and Nails. Scalp should be washed weekly. If dandruff present, wash often enough to keep clean. Baldness often results from dandruff. Finger nails cut even with end of fingers and cleaned daily with scrub brush.
Hygiene of Respiration. Definition of respiration. Object of respiration. (Connection between circulation and respiration.) Necessity of oxygen. Organs of respiration. Lungs most important. Deep breath, function. Ventilation, reasons for. Mouth breathing. Results. Lessened mental power, nasal catarrh, colds easily caught.
Plants Harmful To Man. Poison ivy and mushrooms. Treatment. Poisoning. Send for physician. Cause vomiting by (1) finger, (2) mustard and water. (Note. An unconscious person should not be given anything by the mouth unless he can swallow.) Relation of yeasts and bacteria to man. Fermentation a cause of indigestion. Relation to candy, sirups, sour stomach, formation of gas causes pain.
Bacteria of Mouth and Alimentary Canal. Entrance of bacteria by mouth and nose. Nose: "cold in the head," grippe, catarrh. Mouth: decay of teeth, tonsillitis, diphtheria. Germs pass from one person to another, no one originates germs in himself. Precautions against receiving and transferring germs. Common drinking cups, towels, coins, lead pencils, moistening fingers to turn pages in book or to count roll of bills. Tuberculosis germs. Entrance by mouth, lungs favorite place, may be any part of body. Dust of air, sweeping streets, watering a necessity. Spitting in streets and in public buildings. Germs of typhoid fever. Entrance: water, milk, fresh uncooked vegetables, oysters. Thrive in small intestines. Preventable. Typhoid epidemics, methods of prevention of typhoid. Conditions favorable for growth of specific disease germs. Work of Boards of Health.
Home sanitary conditions, sunlight, air, curtains and blinds, open windows. Live out of doors as much as possible. Cleanliness. Bare walls well scrubbed better than carpets and rugs. Lace curtains, iron bedsteads, one thickness of paper on walls. Open plumbing, dry cellars, all garbage promptly removed.
This outline is largely the work of Dr. L. J. Mason and Dr. C. H. Morse of the department of biology of the De Witt Clinton High School.
WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND TEMPERATURES
As the metric system of weights and measures and the Centigrade measurement of temperatures are employed in scientific work, the following tables showing the English equivalents of those in most frequent use are given for the convenience of those not already familiar with these standards. The values given are approximate only, but will answer for all practical purposes.
| Weight | ||
|---|---|---|
| Kilogram | kg. | 2-1/5 pounds |
| Gram | gm. | 15-½ grains avoirdupois. 1/28 of anounce avoirdupois. |
| Capacity | ||
| Liter | l. | 61 cubic inches, or a little more than 1 quart, U. S. measure. |
| Cubic centimeter | cc. | 1/16 of a cubic inch. |
| Measures of Length | ||
| Metric | English Equivalents | |
| Kilometer | km. | 2/3 of a mile. |
| Meter | m. | 39 inches. |
| Decimeter | dm. | 4 inches. |
| Centimeter | cm. | 2/5 of an inch. |
| Millimeter | mm. | 1/25 of an inch. |