[249] Brunner, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, i. 235 f., 252; Maine, ibid. 138; Ammon, Gesellschaftsordnung, 135; Schurtz, Urgeschichte der Kultur, 148 f.; Bluntschli, Theory of the State, 131, 155; Tarde, Laws of Imitation, 237.
[250] Giddings, Principles of Sociology, 315; cf. Combes de Lestrade, Éléments de sociologie, 185; Rossbach, Gesch. der Gesellsch. i. 14. A nobility formed purely by conquest, if such indeed exists, must be rare, and can hardly be lasting; Schurtz, Urgesch. der Kul. 149.
[251] Giddings, ibid. 315; cf. Grave, L’individu et la société, 32.
[252] Strabo viii. 4. 4, p. 364; Aristotle, Politics, 1270, a 34.
[253] Schurtz, Urgesch. der Kult. 165.
[254] Ginnell, Brehon Laws, 145.
[255] Bluntschli, Theory of the State, 142; Freeman, Norman Conquest, iv. 11. There were nobles both in England and in Normandy before the conquest. After the battle of Senlac most of the English nobles submitted to William, and were allowed to redeem their lands; Freeman, ibid. iv. 13 f., 36 f. It was only in punishment for later rebellion that they lost their holdings, and some English thanes were never displaced; cf. Powell, in Traill, Social England, i. 240.
[256] The most violent and oppressive Germanic invaders are supposed to have been the Vandals, and yet they doubtless retained for the administration of the government the trained Roman officials; Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, ii. 263. The Ostrogoths were more liberal in their treatment of the Romans (ibid. iv. 250, 271, 282), and the Franks still more liberal; Brunner, Deutsche Rechtsgesch. ii. 202.
[257] Featherman, Social History of the Races of Mankind, ii. 354; Tarde, Laws of Imitation, 238, n. 1, 239; Hellwald, Kulturgesch. i. 175 f.; Schurtz, Urgesch. der Kult. 149; cf. Demolins, Comment la route crée le type social.
[258] P. 16.