[1518] Livy xxix. 22. 8 f. (cf. xxxi. 12. 2); Diod. xxvii. 4; cf. Vai. Max. i. 2. 21; Appian, Hann. 55.
[1519] XXIX. 22. 8.
[1520] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 557. The date of the execution of C. Veturius in pursuance of a vote of the people (Plut. C. Gracch. 3) is unknown.
[1521] Sall. Cat. 51. 21 f.: “Quamobrem in sententiam non addidisti, ut prius verberibus in eos animadvorteretur? An quia lex Porcia vetat? At aliae leges item condemnatis civibus non animam eripi sed exilium permitti iubent”; 51. 40: “Postquam res publica adolevit et multitudine civium factiones valuere, circumvenire innocentes, alia huiusce modi fieri coepere, tum lex Porcia aliaeque paratae sunt, quibus legibus exilium damnatis permissum est”; Cic. Rab. Perd. 3. 8: “De civibus Romanis contra legem Porciam verberatis aut necatis”; Pseud. Sall. in Cic. i. 5: charges against Cicero that in putting Roman citizens to death he has abolished the lex Porcia. Livy x. 9. 4: “Porcia tamen lex ... gravi poena, si quis verberasset necassetve civem Romanum, sanxit”; cf. Cic. Rab. Perd. 4. 12 f.; Verr. v. 63. 163; Gell. x. 3. 13. Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 320, doubts whether it allowed exile to one condemned by a vote of the people. Against him is Polyb. vi. 14. 7, quoted p. 217, n. 5.
[1522] Livy xxxii. 7. 8; Fest. 234. 10; The opinion here given is that of Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 205, 558. A different view is represented by Orelli-Baiter, Cic. Op. viii. 3. 252 f.
[1523] The decisive evidence is a coin, described by Mommsen, Röm. Münzwesen, 552, representing an armed man evidently in the act of condemning a civilian, whose appeal is indicated by the word PROVOCO beneath. The inscription on the obverse P. LAECA reveals the author of the law.
[1524] Röm. Alt. i. 249; ii. 559.
[1525] VI. 37 f.
[1526] Livy, ep. lvii; cf. Cic. Rep. i. 40. 63: “Noster populus in bello sic paret ut regi.”
[1527] Leg. iii. 3. 6: “Militiae ab eo qui imperabit provocatio nec esto,” which however, Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. ii. 117, n. 2 (cf. Röm. Strafr. 31, n. 3) sets down as merely a pious wish of the author.