FOOTNOTES:
[1] Panetier, one charged with the distribution of bread in big establishments.
[2] Bouteillier, an official for the inspection and superintendence of wine in a royal household.
[3] A short study and a detailed bibliography of the origin of guilds will be found in M. Martin-Saint-Léon’s Histoire des corporations de métier, book i., 2nd edition. We recommend it to the reader, but do not ourselves accept all the author’s opinions. As, however, he chiefly gives the German, English, and French sources of information, we add a list of Italian works, or works concerning Italy, which deal with the same subject, classifying them according to the theories they adopt.
The theory of the separate creation of each guild is defended by M. Arrigo Solmi (Le Assoziazioni in Italia avanti le origini del Commune, 1898), but since then the works and criticisms of Messrs. Robert Davidsohn, Alfred Doren, Hartmann, and Bonolis have deprived his arguments of all that was strongest and most original in them. M. Solmi, in an article in the Rivista Italiana di Sociologia, ix. 1 (Roma, 1905), entitled “Sulla storia economica d’Italia nel medio evo,” himself recognized that the persistence of certain ancient institutions and the division of labour in the great royal or feudal domains appear to have played an important part in the organization of crafts. M. Nino Tamassia has specially emphasized, amongst other causes, the part played by the influence of religious congregations and fraternities.
[4] The origin of the cities having been so different (see J. Flach, Les Origines de l’ancienne France), the causes which predominate in each must have been equally diverse.
[5] The Arte dei Fabbri, for instance, extended over all the suburbs of Florence.
[6] In France, for example, a long war was fought between the guilds and those whom they called chambrelans.
[7] A similar organization existed at Strasburg. The Zunft (guild) included several Antwerke, see Schmoller, Die Strassburger Tücher und Weberzunft Urkunden und Darstellung.
[8] R. Davidsohn, Forschungen zur Geschichte von Florenz.