The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.

STONE ART
BY
GERARD FOWKE

CONTENTS

[Introduction]57
[Basis for the work]57
[Classification of objects and materials]57
[The arts and their distribution]60
[Districts]60
[Descriptive terms]62
[Ground and pecked articles]62
[Grooved axes]62
[Celts]72
[Gouges]82
[Chisels and scrapers]83
[Chipped celts]86
[Hematite celts]86
[Pestles]87
[Pitted stones]91
[Cupped stones]91
[Mullers]93
[Grinding and polishing stones]93
[Hammerstones]94
[Grooved stones other than axes]95
[Mortars]96
[Sinkers]97
[Perforated stones]98
[Discoidal stones]99
[Spuds]109
[Plummets]110
[Cones]113
[Hemispheres]114
[Paint stones]115
[Ceremonial stones]115
[Functions and purposes]115
[Gorgets]116
[Banner stones]120
[Boat-shape stones]124
[Picks]125
[Spool-shape ornaments]125
[Bird-shape stones]125
[Shaft rubbers]126
[Tubes]126
[Pipes]128
[Chipped stone articles]132
[Materials and manufacture]132
[Spades]133
[Turtlebacks]136
[Smaller chipped implements]139
[Materials and modes of manufacture]139
[Classification of the implements]142
[Stemless flints]143
[Characters and uses]143
[Larger implements]144
[Smaller objects]147
[Stemmed flints]150
[Straight or taper stems]150
[Expanding stems]156
[Perforators]164
[Character and uses]164
[Stemless forms]165
[Stemmed forms]167
[Blunt arrowheads, or “bunts”]168
[Scrapers]169
[Stemmed]169
[Stemless]169
[Cores]170
[Flakes]171
[Miscellaneous forms]174
[Notes on beveled flints]177

ILLUSTRATIONS

Museum numberPage
Fig.29.[Grooved ax, showing groove projections](82379)63
30.[Grooved ax, showing pointed edge](99318)64
31.[Grooved ax, showing groove entirely around](83360)65
32.[Grooved ax, slender, showing groove entirely around](116240)65
33.[Grooved ax, showing grooved back]66
34.[Grooved ax, showing grooved back](90512)66
35.[Grooved ax, showing rounded back](71575)67
36.[Grooved ax, showing flattened curved back]68
37.[Grooved ax, showing flattened straight back](71258)68
38.[Grooved ax, Keokuk type](71566)69
39.[Grooved ax, showing adze form](84348)69
40.[Grooved ax, showing diagonal groove](72211)69
41.[Grooved ax, showing wide edge](90862)69
42.[Grooved ax, showing curved edge](91746)70
43.[Grooved ax, showing single groove projection](62907)70
44.[Grooved adze](114526)71
45.[Grooved adze, showing curved blade](131483)71
46.[Notched ax, showing polished edge](62753)72
47.[Celt, showing blade thick near edge](71413)73
48.[Celt, showing blade thick near edge](91518)73
49.[Celt, showing long, slender form](114494)74
50.[Celt, nearly round section](65652)75
51.[Celt, nearly round section](65661)75
52.[Celt, showing nearly diamond section](65698)76
53.[Celt](112509)77
54.[Celt](83111)77
55.[Celt](82917)77
56.[Celt, showing “bell-shape” and roughening for handle](Tho. 7882)78
57.[Celt, showing rectangular section](114151)78
58.[Celt, showing wedge-shape](98427)79
59.[Celt, showing half-elliptical section](72059)79
60.[Celt, showing half-elliptical section](65440)81
61.[Celt, showing concave sides](115504)81
62.[Thin, polished celt](83056)82
63.[Thin, polished celt](114021)82
64.[Thin, polished celt](114157)82
65.[Celt, showing thin, gouge-form edge](92034)83
66.[Celt, chisel-form](91418)83
67.[Celt, chisel-form](82464)83
68.[Celt, chisel-form](131697)83
69.[Celt, chisel-form](82949)84
70.[Celt, chisel-form](116300)84
71.[Celt, showing scraper-form edge]85
72.[Scraper](83346)85
73.[Scraper or adze, with projecting ridge](72289)85
74.[Adze or scraper](90528)85
75.[Chipped celt](87571)86
76.[Chipped celt](83272)86
77.[Chipped celt](113837)86
78.[Hematite celt](91920)87
79.[Hematite celt](113925)87
80.[Hematite celt](87843)87
81.[Hematite celt](90733)87
82.[Handled pestle, with expanding base](90876)88
83.[Pestle, long cylindrical form](115416)89
84.[Pestle, conical](114254)89
85.[Pestle](65452)90
86.[Pestle](71428)90
87.[Pestle, grooved for handle](72276)90
88.[Pestle](131524)90
89.[Cupped stone or paint cup](82509)93
90.[Muller, showing polished surface](116134)93
91.[Muller, showing polished surface](132119)94
92.[Hammerstone](114344)95
93.[Grooved round stone](72277)95
94.[Grooved hammer](107300)96
95.[Discoidal stone](115414)100
96.[Discoidal stone, with perforation](88137)101
97.[Discoidal stone, with perforation](30234)101
98.[Discoidal stone, with secondary depression](82619)102
99.[Discoidal stone, in form of a ring](62708)102
100.[Discoidal stone](90497)103
101.[Discoidal stone](114330)103
102.[Discoidal stone, convex](83142)104
103.[Discoidal stone](91805)105
104.[Discoidal stone](82953)106
105.[Discoidal stone, with V-shaped edges](116198)108
106.[Discoidal stone, used as mortar](131566)108
107.[Discoidal stone, probably used as hammer](97763)108
108.[Discoidal pottery fragment](115873)109
109.[Spud](115544)110
110.[Spud](115925)110
111.[Spud](88130)111
112.[Plummet, grooved near one end](82490)111
113.[Plummet, double-grooved](90746)111
114.[Plummet, grooved near middle](114349)112
115.[Plummet, grooved lengthwise](65318)112
116.[Plummet, grooveless, perforated](65319)112
117.[Plummet, double cone in shape](132140)112
118.[Plummet](131923)112
119.[Plummet](90850)113
120.[Plummet, end ground flat](98659)113
121.[Plummet](116072)113
122.[Plummet, cylindrical](71445)113
123.[Cone](116339)113
124.[Cone](72305)113
125.[Cone](71501)114
126.[Cone](91944)114
127.[Hemispheres]114
128.[Hemisphere](90729)115
129.[Paint stone](90731)115
130.[Gorget](88014)118
131.[Gorget (?)](Tho. 7834)118
132.[Gorget, reel-shape](113721)119
133.[Gorget](90649)119
134.[Gorget](72125)120
135.[Gorget, boat shape](114354)121
136.[Gorget, resembling boat-shape stone](107323)121
137.[Banner stone](90657)121
138.[Banner stone](115685)121
139.[Banner stone, reel-shape](63186)122
140.[Banner stone, with horn-like projections](113782)122
141.[Banner stone, crescent-shape](88586)122
142.[Banner stone, crescent-shape](115871)122
143.[Banner stone, crescent-shape](115900)123
144.[Butterfly banner stone]123
145.[Butterfly banner stone](90831)123
146.[Banner stone](90714)123
147.[Boat-shape stone](87665)124
148.[Boat-shape stone](72347)124
149.[Pendant](116008)125
150.[Pick](113742)125
151.[Spool-shape ornament](38128)125
152.[Bird-shape stone](88351)126
153.[Shaft rubber]127
154.[Tube, one end flattened](90713)128
155.[Tube, conical](88022)128
156.[Tube, hour-glass form](62869)129
157.[Tube, cylindrical](88588)129
158.[Pipe, flat base](90840)129
159.[Pipe](116048)130
160.[Pipe](82390)130
161.[Pipe, ornamented](72134)130
162.[Pipe](115452)130
163.[Pipe, long-stemmed](82832)131
164.[Pipe, short-stemmed](115546)131
165.[Pipe](114168)131
166.[Pipe](114310)131
167.[Pipe](62808)132
168.[Pipe](116024)132
169.[Chipped spade with pointed ends](82661)134
170.[Chipped spade with rounded ends](88155)134
171.[Chipped spade, ovoid](71695)136
172.[Chipped spade](65683)137
173.[Chipped spade, showing handle notches](90925)138
174.[Chipped spade](88428)138
175.[Chipped disk, or “turtleback”](15335)138
176.[Diagram, explaining terms]143
177.[Triangular chipped flint](87556a)144
178.[Chipped flint](90672)144
179.[Chipped flint](116058)145
180.[Chipped flint, somewhat bell-shape](82883)145
181.[Chipped flint, elliptical outline](71562a)145
182.[Chipped flint, leaf-shape or oval outline](88353)145
183.[Chipped flint](132186)146
184.[Chipped flint, large, pointed elliptical outline](88122)146
185.[Chipped flint, large, long, sharp point](113767)146
186.[Chipped flint, large](114486)147
187.[Chipped flint](91921a)147
188.[Chipped flint](114277)147
189.[Chipped flint, with shoulders](115419)147
190.[Chipped flint, small](62883)148
191.[Chipped flint, triangular](91754a)148
192.[Chipped flint, asymmetric](115404)148
193.[Chipped flint, concave edges](82832)148
194.[Chipped flint, triangular](88072)148
195.[Chipped flint, small](131633)149
196.[Chipped flint, short, convex edges](114539)149
197.[Chipped flint, triangular](83235)149
198.[Chipped flint, concave edges](65811)149
199.[Chipped flint, convex base](114405)149
200.[Chipped flint, edges concave](91921b)150
201.[Chipped flint, pentagonal](115634)150
202.[Chipped flint, narrow and thick](115665)150
203.[Chipped flint, stemmed, barbless](87555)151
204.[Chipped flint, stemmed, barbless](97754)151
205.[Chipped flint, expanding shoulder](132212)152
206.[Chipped flint, double-curved edges](83409a)152
207.[Chipped flint, double-curved edges](113605a)152
208.[Chipped flint, convex edges, long, tapering stem](72123)152
209.[Chipped flint, with long, tapering stem](82718)153
210.[Stemmed chipped flint, diamond or lozenge shape](91859a)153
211.[Stemmed chipped flint](65803)153
212.[Stemmed chipped flint](115405)154
213.[Stemmed chipped flint, ovoid](71562b)154
214.[Stemmed chipped flint, short blade](90750)154
215.[Stemmed chipped flint, symmetric outline](113821)155
216.[Stemmed chipped flint](113726)155
217.[Chipped flint, with very long, slender stem](87847)156
218.[Stemmed chipped flint, with but one barb or shoulder](91731)156
219.[Stemmed chipped flint, short](90673)156
220.[Stemmed chipped flint](87664)156
221.[Stemmed chipped flint, roughly made](65817)157
222.[Stemmed chipped flint](65786)157
223.[Stemmed chipped flint](90739a)157
224.[Stemmed chipped flint, edges convex](88323)157
225.[Stemmed chipped flint, with long barbs](83409b)158
226.[Stemmed chipped flint](131775)158
227.[Stemmed chipped flint](71562c)159
228.[Stemmed chipped flint, broad point](71562d)159
229.[Stemmed chipped flint, slender point](87837)159
230.[Stemmed chipped flint](90760)159
231.[Stemmed chipped flint](114558)160
232.[Stemmed chipped flint, thin](91921d)160
233.[Stemmed chipped flint](116059)160
234.[Stemmed chipped flint](113741)160
235.[Stemmed chipped flint](114340)160
236.[Stemmed chipped flint, slender, with small stem](116047)161
237.[Stemmed chipped flint, oval outline, notched](97547)161
238.[Stemmed chipped flint](65614)162
239.[Stemmed chipped flint, notched, very wide stem](113894)162
240.[Stemmed chipped flint, notched, very wide stem](90739b)162
241.[Stemmed chipped flint](82686)163
242.[Stemmed chipped flint, projecting shoulders](91754b)163
243.[Stemmed chipped flint](91921c)163
244.[Stemmed chipped flint, very rough](91136)164
245.[Perforator, not stemmed](87556b)165
246.[Perforator, not stemmed, double pointed](90843)165
247.[Perforator, not stemmed, double pointed](90759)166
248.[Perforator, not stemmed, rough base](91924)166
249.[Perforator, not stemmed, expanding base](87951)166
250.[Perforator, not stemmed, expanding base](88019)166
251.[Perforator, stemmed](113605b)167
252.[Perforator, stemmed, very wide shoulders](91754c)167
253.[Perforator, stemmed]167
254.[Perforator, stemmed](83409c)167
255.[Perforator, stemmed, with cutting point](132226)168
256.[Blunt arrowhead, or “bunt”](132204)168
257.[Stemmed scraper](132190)169
258.[Stemmed scraper](71560)169
259.[Stemless scraper, celt form](131749)170
260.[Stemless scraper, flake](90822)170
261.[Cores](97526)171
262.[Core](97520)171
263.[Flake, chipped for scraper](91968)173
264.[Flake, chipped for knife or arrowhead](97537)174
265.[Flake, slender, probably for lancet](88018)174
266.[Stemmed chipped flint](132176)174
267.[Stemmed chipped flint, winged](132213)175
268.[Stemmed chipped flint](132174)175
269.[Stemmed chipped flint, barbed]175
270.[Stemmed chipped flint, broad](132235b)175
271.[Stemmed chipped flint]176
272.[Stemmed chipped flint, slender](132208)176
273.[Stemmed chipped flint]176
274.[Stemmed chipped flint, triangular]176
275.[Stemmed chipped flint](132235a)176
276.[Chipped flint, with sharp-edged stem](63150)177
277.[Stemmed chipped flint, point blunted from use]177
278.[Stemmed chipped flint]177