[444] Bell, Churches and Monasteries of the Ṭûr ‘Abdîn, p. 87 (31).
[445] Sarre-Herzfeld, Euphrat-und Tigris-Gebiet, vol. i, Fig. 57; and vol. iii, Plate 68.
[446] Ya’qubi, ed. de Goeje, p. 311. Dr. Moritz calls my attention to a passage in Murudj al-Dhahab of Mas’ûdi (ed. Barbier de Meynard), vol. viii, p. 294, in which it is related that the khalif Rashid built wells, cisterns, and castles along the Mekkah road. These castles can, however, have been nothing but guard-houses.
[447] Le Strange, Lands of the Eastern Khalifate, p. 77.
[448] Lammens, ‘Ziâd ibn Abîhi,’ Rivista degli Studi Orientali, vol. iv, p. 232 and p. 656, note 2.