Thus it appears that the under-clay is the natural soil in which the roots (Stigmariæ) of the Sigillariæ and Lepidodendra grew; the coal above it is composed of the carbonized stems and foliage of those trees; and the roof or coal-shale is formed by the leaves and branches of a forest overwhelmed and buried beneath the transported detritus of distant rocks. These phenomena may be explained by supposing that a plain, densely clothed with a luxuriant intertropical vegetation, was either inundated by an irruption of the sea, or overwhelmed by a flood, from the sudden breaking up of the barrier of an inland lake; or by the subsidence of the country on which the forests grew. But when we find an uninterrupted series, in which triple deposits of this character are repeated through many thousand feet, the solution of the problem is beset with difficulties, which the hypothesis of repeated periodical subsidences, however ingenious, does not, in my opinion, remove.[149]

[149] See Wonders of Geology, pp. 669, 718, 731.

∵ Jaw of the Iguanodon.—Additional note to p. 194.—Since the preceding pages were struck off, I have, through the kindness and liberality of Samuel H. Beckles, Esq., of Hastings, obtained two portions of jaws from the Wealden of the Sussex Coast. One of these is a fragment of the left side of the lower jaw, with six well-defined dental sockets; the other specimen exhibits the position of the mature molars and the successional teeth in the upper jaw; and confirms the accuracy of the views of Dr. Melville and myself as to the ruminant character of the arrangement of the dental organs in the upper and lower jaws of the Iguanodon, as described in my memoir on the structure of the jaws and teeth; Philos. Trans. 1848, p. 183. When this specimen is completely developed, it will probably exhibit distinctly the relative position of the germs and mature teeth, and the form of the inner alveolar parapet.

[INDEX.]

[ [A] ][ [B] ][ [C] ][ [D] ][ [E] ][[F] ] [ [G] ][ [H] ][ [I] ][ [J] ][ [K] ][[L] ] [ [M] ][ [N] ][ [O] ][ [P] ][ [Q] ][[R] ] [ [S] ][ [T] ][ [U] ][ [V] ][ [W] ][[X] ] [ [Y] ][ [Z] ]

[A].
Acrodus, tooth of, [160].
Actinocrinus, [121].
—— triacontadactylus, [121].
Adelosina, [143].
Age of reptiles, [193].
Alethopteris decurrens, [81].
—— lonchitidis, [25].
—— Serlii, [25].
Algæ, fossil, [191].
Alveolina elliptica, [142].
Ammonites, [139].
—— latus, [139].
—— Mantelli, [139].
—— ovalis, [139].
—— Walcotii, [139].
Ananchytes ovatus, [127].
Annularia brevifolia, [27].
Anoplotherium commune, teeth of, [163].
Antarctic ocean, diatomaceæ of, [191].
Aphyllum asperum, [69].
—— cristatum, [65].
Apiocrinus ellipticus, [113].
—— Parkinsoni, [119].
—— rotundus, [119].
Aptychus, [147].
Area, fossil, [144].
Artis, Mr., on fossil botany, [175].
—— work of, [16].
Asaphus caudatus, [156].
Aspidiaria cristata, [65].
Asterias, fossil, [125].
Asterophyllites, [27].
Astrea ananas, [93].
—— arachnoides, [95].
—— geometrica, [109].
—— Tisburiensis, [95].
—— undulata, [95].
[B].
Baculites Fraujasii, [139].
Bahia Blanca, fossils of, [184].
Bears, fossil teeth of, [165].
—— fossil, [169].
Beckles, S. H., Esq., fossils by, [202].
Belemnitella mucronata, [138], [139].
Belemnite, description of, [169].
Belemnites, [137], [138], [139].
—— coniformis, [138].
—— cylindriformis, [138].
—— fusiformis, [138].
—— giganteus, [137].
—— Puzosianus, [171].
Belemnoteuthis antiquus, [170].
Bellerophon costatus, [141].
Bellinurus bellulus, [156].
Benett, Miss, the late, fossils by, [197], [95].
Bergman, on Silica, [198].
Big-bone Lick, account of, [167].
Biloculina ringens, [143].
Binney, Mr., on Stigmariæ, [198].
Birds, fossil remains of. New Zealand, [x], [172].
Botanical arrangement of fossil plants, [175].
Bourgeticrinus, [113].
Bovey coal, [19].
Bowerbank, J. S., Esq., on fossil fruits of Sheppey, [29], [31].
Brachiopoda, fossil, [153].
Bradford encrinite, [119].
Brickenden, Capt. Lambart, discovery of jaw of Iguanodon, [194].
Brongniart, M., fossil botany of, [178].
—— on fossil fruits of Sheppey, [31].
Brown, Mr. Richard, on upright Sigillariæ, [198].
Buckland, Dr., on Belemno-sepia, [170].
—— on Stigmariæ, [55].
[C].
Calamites approximatus, [49].
—— decoratus, [51].
—— dubius, [23], [45].
—— ramosus, [43].
—— Suckovii, [47].
Calceola sandalina, [154].
Calymene Blumenbachii, [156].
—— variolare, [156].
Cancer Leachii, [155].
Cannibalism of New Zealanders, [175].
Cap Encrinite, [116], [117].
Cape Breton, coal-field of 199.
Carboniferous deposits, [181].
Carcharias megalodon, [160].
Cardinia Listeri, [147].
Cardita senilis, [147].
Cardium Hillanum, [147].
Carpenter, Dr., on foraminifera, [142].
Carpolithus marginatus, [83].
Caryophyllia annularis, [91].
—— centralis, [91].
Catenipora escharoides, [89].
Caves, ossiferous, [169].
Cephalopoda, fossil, [141], [180].
Ceratodus, [157].
Ceriopora, [99], [114].
Chain-coral, [89].
Chama squamosa, [149].
Chara, fossil seeds of, [143].
Cheilanthes microlobus, [25].
Cheilanthites, [75], [79].
Chelonia breviceps, [157].
Chenendopora fungiformis, [107].
—— Parkinsoni, [101].
—— subplana. 111.
Choanites Königi, [103], [107].
Cidaris Blumenbachii, [131].
—— claviger, [131].
—— corollaris, [126].
—— coronatus, [126].
—— crenularis, [126].
—— fossil, [126].
—— glandiferus, [131].
—— granulosus, [126].
—— Königi, [126].
—— Parkinsoni, [125].
—— saxatilis, [129].
—— sceptrifera, [131].
—— Schmidelii, [131].
—— vesiculosus, [126], [131].
Clapp, Dr., fossil corals by, [89].
Cliona, of New Zealand, [99].
Clionites, [99].
Clypeaster, [127].
—— altus, [131].
Clypeus sinuatus, [127].
Cnemidium rimulosum, [107].
Coal, [182].
Coal measures, [181].
Cololites, [133].
Comatula, fossil, [125].
—— pectinata, [126].
Conulus albogalerus, [127].
Coprolites of fishes, [30].
Coral marble, [95].
Corals, fossil, [182].
—— fossil, from the Ohio, [89].
Corbula gallica, [153].
—— revoluta, [147].
Coronulites diadema, [154].
Crabs, fossil, [155].
Crania personata, [153].
Crassatella tumida, [147].
Crenatula, fossil, [151].
Crinoidea, [111].
Cristellaria galea, [144].
—— rotulata, [143].
Crustacea, fossil, [155].
Cucullæa decussata, [147]
Cucumites, [29], [30].
Cupanoides, [30].
Cuvier, Baron, discoveries of, [183].
Cyathocrinite, [121].
Cyathocrinus rugosus, [117].
Cyathophyllum dianthus, [93].
—— fungites, [95].
—— turbinatum, [91], [95].
Cyclopteris orbicularis, [27].
Cyphosoma correlare, [126].
—— Milleri, [126].
Cyrena deperdita, [147].
[D].
Dana, J. D., Esq., on silicification, [197].
Dapedius, scales of, [154].
Darwin, Mr., Journal of, [184].
—— on fossil Edentata, [185].
Deane, Mr. Henry, on Rotaliæ, [188].
Derbyshire Cap Encrinite, [117].
Desmidiaceæ, [190].
Dianchora, [149].
Diatomaceæ, [190].
Dinornis of New Zealand, [x], [172].
Dinotherium, tooth of, [163].
Disaster ovalis, [129].
Discoidea, [127].
—— subuculus, [127].
Discospira, [142].
D'Orbigny, M., on foraminifera, [186].
Dudley fossil locust, [156].
[E].
Echinanthites orbicularis, [127].
Echinanthus altus, [131].
Echini, fossil, [127], [129], [131].
Echinital spines, fossil, [131].
Echinodiscus bisperforatus, [127].
—— laganum, [129].
—— subrotundus, [129].
Echinites lapis cancri, [129].
—— pyriformis, [129].
Edentata, fossil, [184].
Eggs of Dinornis, [174].
Elephas primigenius, teeth of, [161].
Elk fossil, of Ireland, [161], [189].
Encrinital limestone, [91].
—— marble, [117].
Encrinites, [117].
—— monileformis, [115].
Essex reversed Whelk, [133].
Eugeniacrinus caryophyllatus, [114].
Euomphalus pentangulatus, [133].
—— rugosus, [133].
Euphorbites vulgaris, [57].
Explanaria flexuosa, [97].
[F].
Faringdon, fossil zoophytes of, [93].
Fasciolites, [142].
Favosites Gothlandica, [97].
Feet of Moa, [x], [174].
Ferns, fossil, [25], [27].
Ficoidites furcatus, [59].
—— major, [63].
—— verrucosus, [61].
Filicites decurrens, [81].
—— Miltoni, [77].
—— Osmunda, [73].
—— plumosus, [79].
—— trifoliatus, [75].
Fishes, fossil, [157], [159].
Fistulana, fossil, [149].
Flint, fossils in, [185].
Flustra, structure of, [183].
Foraminifera, account of, [186].
—— fossil, [142], [143], [188].
—— —— of India, [188].
—— —— of New Zealand, [188].
Forbes, Prof E., fossils by, [143].
Fossil plants, arrangement of, [175].
Fowlestone, Mr., fossils by, [107], [194].
Frontispiece, description of, [x].
Fruits, fossil, of Isle of Sheppey, [29], [31].
Fuller, Mr. Peter, fossils by, [197].
Fungia, fossil, [91].
—— numismalis, [91].
—— polymorpha, [105].
Fusus contrarius, [133].
[G].
Galerites, [127].
Galeus pristodontus, [159].
Gloucestershire Pentacrinite, [111].
Goniaster Mantelli, [125].
—— Parkinsoni, [125].
—— semilunata, [125].
Gonoplax Latreilli, [156].
Gorgonia bacillaris, [109].
Gryphea incurva, [151].
Guard or rostrum of Belemnite, [171].
Gyrogonites, [143].
[H].
Hamites intermedius, [141].
—— plicatilis, [141].
—— rotundus, [141].
Hamsey, near Lewes, fossils from, [141].
Harris, W., Esq., on Charing deposits, [188].
Helix arbustorum, [149].
Hemicidaris crenularis, [126], [131].
Hermit crab, fossil, [155].
Hippopotamus, fossil teeth of, [163].
Hippurites bioculatus, [137].
Hoffman, M., discovery of Mosasaurus, [192].
Honey-stone, [19].
Hooker, Dr., on Diatomaceæ, [191].
Hybodus, tooth of, [159].
Hydatica columnaris, [37].
—— prostrata, [39].
[I].
Iguanodon, [193], [202].
—— discovery of, [193].
Inachus Lamarckii, [155].
Infusorial earths, [189].
Insects, fossil, [155].
Ireland, fossil Elk of, [189].
Ironstone nodules, [25].
[J].
Jaw of Iguanodon, [194], [202].
Jerea excavata, [104].
—— pyriformis, [105].
[K].
Kentucky crinoidea, [114].
Kilkenny marble, [95].
Knorria taxina, [35].
[L].
Lamna, tooth of, [159].
Lapis syringoides, [33].
Leaves, dicotyledonous, in travertine, [23].
Lepidotus, [157].
Lepidodendron, [19], [23], [69].
—— upright, [199].
—— with stigmariæ, [199].
Lepidostrobi, [69].
Lepidostrobus ornatus, [35].
Lignite, [19].
Lily encrinite, [115].
Lima gigantea, [147].
Limulus trilobitoides, [156].
Lithodendron fasciculatum, [95].
Lithodomi, fossil, [149].
Lithostrotion striatum, [93].
Lituites lituus, [133].
Lituola nautiloidea, [143].
Lobophora biperforata, [127].
Lumbricaria colon, [133].
Lychnophorites superus, [71].
Lycopodites squamatus, [30].
Lyell, Sir Charles, on Apiocrinites, [119].
—— on Big-bone Lick, [167].
Lysianassa literata, [147].
[M].
Maestricht, fossil reptile of, [191].
Mammalia, fossil teeth of, [161].
Manon favosum, [93].
Mantell, Mr. R. N., fossils by, [170].
—— Walter, Esq., on fossil birds of New Zealand, [x], [173].
Marsupites Milleri, [113].
Martius, M., fossil flora of, [178].
Mastodon, tooth of, [167].
Megaceros Hibernicus, antlers of, [161].
Megalonyx, tooth and claw of, [163].
—— Jeffersoni, [163].
Megaphyton distans, [67].
Megatherium Cuvieri, [165].
Mellite, [19].
Melville, Professor, on the Iguanodon, [195].
Michelinia, [91].
—— tenuisepta, [93].
Micraster cor anguinum, [129].
—— lacunosus, [129].
Miliobatis, fossil, [160].
Millepora ramosa, [99].
Miller, Mr., on Belemnite, [170].
—— on Crinoidea, [115].
Moa, or Dinornis, of New Zealand, [x], [172].
Morris, Mr., on Clionites, [100].
—— on Discospira, [142].
Mosasaurus, [157], [159], [191].
Murchison, Sir R. I., Silurian System, [155].
Mya literata, [147].
Myriophyllites gracilis, [41].
[N].
Natica Gentii, [133].
Nautilus centralis, [135].
—— Parkinsoni, [135].
—— truncatus, [135].
Nerita conoidea, [133].
Neuropteris, [19], [25].
—— auriculata, [73].
New Zealand, fossil birds of, [x], [172].
Nipa, fruits of, fossil, [29].
Nipadites, [29], [30], [31].
—— Parkinsoni, [31].
Nodosaria raphanistrum, [138].
Nodules with leaves, [25].
Notidanus microdon, [157].
Nucleolites, [127].
—— pyriformis, [129].
Nucula ovum, [147].
Nummulina, animal of, [187].
—— Dr. Carpenter on, [14].
—— lævigata, [142].
Nummulites, [141].
—— complanata, [142].
—— dispansa, [142].
—— obtusa, [142].
[O].
Ogygia Buchii, [156].
Ohio, Falls of the, [89].
Ophiura, [125].
Ophiuræ, fossil, [126].
Orbitolites, [142].
Ormoceras, [137].
Ornithorhynchus, [195].
Orthoceras annulatum, [135].
—— duplex, [137].
—— pyriforme, [137].
—— undulatum, [135].
Orthocerina clavulus, [143].
Osselet of Belemnite, [171].
Ostrea Marshii, [151].
—— carinata, [151].
—— gregarea, [151].
Otodus, tooth of, [159].
Owen, Professor, on Belemnites, [170].
—— —— on Dinornis, [x], [173].
—— —— Elephants' teeth, [161].
Ox, fossil teeth of, [161].
[P].
Pagurus Faujasii, [155].
Palæotherium medium, teeth of, [163].
Pampas, [185].
Pandanocarpum Parkinsonis, [31].
Panopæa Aldrovandi, [149].
Parish, Sir Woodbine, fossils by, [165].
Parkinson, Mr., notice of, [13].
Pear encrinite, [119].
Pearce, Channing, Esq., fossils by, [119].
—— on Belemnites, [170].
Pecopteris, [25], [27].
—— heterophylla, [81].
—— Miltoni, [77].
—— oreopteridis, [27].
—— plumosa, [79].
Pelorosaurus, [197].
Peneroloplis opercularis, [143].
Pentacrinites, [120], [121], [123].
Pentacrinus, [111].
—— basaltiformis, [114], [121].
—— Briareus, [122], [123].
—— scalaris, [114], [121].
Pentagonaster regularis, [125].
Pentamerus, [154].
Pentremites florealis, [114].
Perna quadrata, [151].
—— maxillata, [151].
Petraia, [91].
Petrifaction by flint, [197].
Petrified figs, [31].
—— melons, [35].
Phragmocone of Belemnite, [171].
Platycrinus lævis, [122].
Plicatula spinosa, [145].
Polystomella crispa, [144].
Porites pyriformis, [97].
Productus, [145].
—— antiquatus, [145].
—— Martini, [154].
Psaronius, [33].
Ptychodus decurrens, [157].
—— polygurus, [160].
Pulley-stone, [117].
[Q].
Quadrupeds, fossil, of Montmartre, [183].
Quinqueloculina ringens, [143].
—— opposita, [143].
[R].
Radiolites agariciformis, [153].
Rangatapu, [174].
Reptiles, fossil, [157], [159], [192].
—— —— of the Wealden, [193].
Rhinoceros leptorhinus, [163].
Rhizolithes, [21].
Rhodocrinus verus, [117].
Rhytidolepis fibrosa, [55].
Rotalia Beccarii, [143], [144].
—— trochiliformis, [143].
[S].
Salenia scutigera, [126].
—— stellulata, [126].
Scaphites costatus, [141].
Scelidotherium, [185].
Schlotheim, Baron, fossil botany, [176].
Scyphia articulata, [105].
—— costata, [107].
Seed-vessels, fossil, [31], [35].
Serpula antiquata, [157].
—— conica, [135].
—— filiformis, [135].
Serpulite, [135].
Shark's teeth, fossil, [159].
Shells, fossil, [133], [135], [137], [139], [141], [145], [147], [149], [151], [153].
Shrimp, fossil, [155].
Shropshire Encrinite, [117].
Shumard, Dr., on Geology of Kentucky, [89].
Sigaretus, fossil, [133].
Sigillaria, [57].
—— alternans, [200].
—— appendiculata, [65].
—— fibrosa, [55].
—— tesselata, [27].
—— upright, [200].
—— with stigmariæ, [199].
Siliceous nodules, fossils in, [185].
Silicification, [197].
Siliquaria, fossil, [135].
Siphonia, [97], [103].
—— pyriformis, [104].
Spatangites ovalis, [129].
Spatangus cor marinum, [129].
—— lacunosus, [129].
—— purpureus, [129].
—— radiatus, [129].
Sphenophyllum erosum, [27].
Sphenopteris, [25].
—— trifoliata, [27], [75].
Spherodus, tooth of, [159].
Spherulites, [137].
Spicules of fossil sponges, [97].
Spines of Echinites, [131].
Spiniferites, [191].
Spirifer cuspidatus, [154].
—— striatus, [154].
Spirolina depressa, [143].
—— cylindracea, [143].
Spongites labyrinthicus, [105].
—— lobatus, [97].
—— ramosus, [97].
Staarenstein, [33].
Star-fishes, fossil, [125].
Starry-stone, [33].
Steinhauer, Rev. J., on Stigmariæ, [198].
Stems, fossil, [33], [35].
Steneosaurus, [157], [159].
Sternberg, Count, fossil flora of, [176].
Sternbergia transversa, [53].
Stigmaria, [198].
—— ficoides, [23], [59], [61], [63].
—— in under-clay, [181].
—— with lepidodendron, [199].
Stigmariæ, with sigillariæ, [200].
Streptospondylus, [157].
Syringopora geniculata, [87].
—— ramulosa, [89].
[T].
Teeth, fossil, of Anoplotherium, [163].
—— —— Bears, [165].
—— —— Dinotherium, [163].
—— —— Elephants, [161].
—— —— Hippopotamus, [163].
—— —— Mastodon, [167].
—— —— Megalonyx, [163].
—— —— Ox, [161].
—— —— Palæotherium, [163].
—— —— Rhinoceros, [163].
—— of Sharks, fossil, [159].
Terebratula coarctata, [153].
—— diphya, [153].
—— triquetra, [153].
Teredina personata, [149].
Teredo, fossil, [33], [149].
Tisbury, fossil corals of, [95].
Tortoise encrinite, [113].
Toxodon, [185].
Trigonellites, [147].
—— lamellosa, [147].
—— lata, [147].
Trigonia alæformis, [145].
—— clavellata, [145].
—— costata, [145].
—— dædalea, [145].
—— excentrica, [145].
—— rudis, [145].
—— sinuata, [145].
—— soft parts silicified, [197].
—— spinosa, [145].
Trigonocarpum olivæforme, [31].
Trilobites, [155].
Triloculina trigonula, [143].
Tubipore, fossil, [87].
Turban encrinite, [117].
Turbinolia complanata, [91].
—— mitrata, [91].
Turrilites costatus, [141].
—— tuberculatus, [141].
Turtles, fossil, [157].
[U].
Under-clay, [181].
Ursus spelæus, teeth of, [165], [169].
—— priscus, [169].
[V].
Vaginella depressa, [144].
Ventriculites, [103], [105], [109].
—— alcyonoides, [105].
—— racemosus, [109].
Vermetus ampullacea, [135].
—— Bognoriensis, [135].
—— concavus, [135].
Victoria barrier, [191].
[W].
Waikouaiti, [174].
—— fossils from, [x], [174].
Waingongoro, [173].
Wenlock limestone corals, [89].
Wetherellia, [29].
Williamson, Mr., on Polystomella, [188].
Wood, fossil coniferous, [19], [23].
—— calcareous, [19], [29].
—— cupreous, [29].
—— jasperized, [21].
—— pyritous, [29].
—— silicified, [21].
[X].
Xanthidia, [191].
[Y].
Yandell, Dr., fossil corals by, [89].
[Z].
Zamia pectinata, [23].

K. CLAY, PRINTER, BREAD STREET HILL.