How to Succeed as an Inventor / Showing the Wonderful Possibilities in the Field of Invention; the Dangers to Be Avoided; the Inventions Needed; How to Perfect and Develop New Ideas to the Money Making Stage

by Goodwin Brooke Smith

62. A gas-engine governor. The revolving cam throws the vertical arm of the lever far enough to close the gas-valve when the speed increases beyond the normal.

63. A plan view of the Fourneyron turbine. In the centre are a number of fixed curved "shutes" A, which direct the water against the buckets of the outer wheel B, thus causing it to revolve.

64. The Jonval turbine. The shutes are on the outside of a drum a, stationary within the casing b. The wheel c is similar, with the buckets exceeding the shutes in number and set at a slight tangent instead of radially.

65. Montgolfier's hydraulic ram, by means of which a small fall of water throws a jet to a great height or furnishes a supply at a high level. The action of the water on the two valves, which are alternately open, is easily comprehended. The right-hand one is pressed down by a weight or spring. The elasticity of the air gives uniformity to the efflux.

66. Common lift-pump. During up-stroke lower valve opens and piston-valve closes, and water rushes up to fill the vacuum created. During down-stroke lower valve closes and piston-valve opens, and the water passes through the piston. At next up-stroke it is raised by the piston and passes out by the spout.

67. Common force-pump, with two valves. When piston rises, the suction-valve opens and water enters the vacuum. When piston descends the suction-valve closes and the outlet-valve opens, and the water is forced up through the outlet-pipe.

68. A double-acting piston-pump with four valves.

69. A hydrostatic press. Water forced by the pump through the small pipe into the ram cylinder and under the solid ram forces the latter up. The amount of force exerted on the ram bears to the pressure on the plunger the same ratio as the area of the ram does to the area of the plunger. Thus, if the area of the plunger cross-section be two square inches and that of the ram four square feet, a pressure of ten pounds on the former will produce a pressure of 2880 pounds on the latter, or nearly 26 cwts.

70. The Bourdon aneroid gauge. B is a bent tube closed at the ends and secured at its middle, C. The ends of the tube are connected with a toothed sector gearing with a small pinion which carries the indicating pointer. Pressure of steam or other fluid admitted to the tube tends to straighten it, thus moving the pointer more or less.