"From some words, the metaphorical sense has justled out the original sense altogether; so that, in respect to the latter, they have become obsolete."—Campbell cor. "Surely, never any other mortal was so overwhelmed with grief, as I am at this present moment."—Sheridan cor. "All languages differ from one an other in their modes of inflection."—Bullions cor. "The noun and the verb are the only indispensable parts of speech: the one, to express the subject spoken of; and the other, the predicate, or what is affirmed of the subject."—M'Culloch cor. "The words Italicized in the last three examples, perform the office of substantives."—L. Murray cor. "A sentence so constructed is always a mark of carelessness in the writer."—Dr. Blair cor. "Nothing is more hurtful to the grace or the vivacity of a period, than superfluous and dragging words at the conclusion."—Id. "When its substantive is not expressed with it, but is referred to, being understood."—Lowth cor. "Yet they always have substantives belonging to them, either expressed or understood."—Id. "Because they define and limit the import of the common names, or general terms, to which they refer."—Id. "Every new object surprises them, terrifies them, and makes a strong impression on their minds."—Dr. Blair cor. "His argument required a more full development, in order to be distinctly apprehended, and to have its due force."—Id. "Those participles which are derived from active-transitive verbs, will govern the objective case, as do the verbs from which they are derived."—Emmons cor. "Where, in violation of the rule, the objective case whom follows the verb, while the nominative I precedes it."—L. Murray cor. "To use, after the same conjunction, both the indicative and the subjunctive mood, in the same sentence, and under the same circumstances, seems to be a great impropriety."—Lowth, Murray, et al. cor. "A nice discernment of the import of words, and an accurate attention to the best usage, are necessary on these occasions."—L. Murray cor. "The Greeks and Romans, the former especially, were, in truth, much more musical than we are; their genius was more turned to take delight in the melody of speech."—Dr. Blair cor. "In general, if the sense admits it early, the sooner a circumstance is introduced, the better; that the more important and significant words may possess the last place, and be quite disencumbered."—Murray et al. cor.; also Blair and Jamieson. "Thus we find it in both the Greek and the Latin tongue."—Dr. Blair cor. "Several sentences, constructed in the same manner, and having the same number of members, should never be allowed to come in succession."— Blair et al. cor. "I proceed to lay down the rules to be observed in the conduct of metaphors; and these, with little variation, will be applicable to tropes of every kind."—Dr. Blair cor. "By selecting words with a proper regard to their sounds, we may often imitate other sounds which we mean to describe."—Dr. Blair and L. Mur. cor. "The disguise can scarcely be so perfect as to deceive."—Dr. Blair cor. "The sense does not admit of any other pause, than one after the second syllable 'sit;' this therefore must be the only pause made in the reading."—Id. "Not that I believe North America to have been first peopled so lately as in the twelfth century, the period of Madoc's migration."—Webster cor. "Money and commodities will always flow to that country in which they are most wanted, and in which they will command the most profit."—Id. "That it contains no visible marks of certain articles which are of the utmost importance to a just delivery."—Sheridan cor. "And Virtue, from her beauty, we call a fair and favourite maid."—Mack cor. "The definite article may relate to nouns of either number."—Inf. S. Gram. cor.
LESSON XV.—OF MANY ERRORS.
(1.) "Compound words are[, by L. Murray and others, improperly] included among the derivatives."—L. Murray corrected. (2.) "The Apostrophe, placed above the line, thus ', is used to abbreviate or shorten words. But its chief use is, to denote the possessive case of nouns."—Id. (3.) "The Hyphen, made thus -, connects the parts of compound words. It is also used when a word is divided."—Id. (4.) "The Acute Accent, made thus ´, denotes the syllable on which stress is laid, and sometimes also, that the vowel is short: as, 'Fáncy.' The Grave Accent, made thus `, usually denotes, (when applied to English words,) that the stress is laid where a vowel ends the syllable: as, 'Fàvour.'"—Id. (5.) "The stress is laid on long vowels or syllables, and on short ones, indiscriminately. In order to distinguish the long or open vowels from the close or short ones, some writers of dictionaries have placed the grave accent on the former, and the acute on the latter."—Id. (6.) "The Diæresis, thus made ¨, is placed over one of two contiguous vowels, to show that they are not a diphthong."—Id. (7.) "The Section, made thus §, is sometimes used to mark the subdivisions of a discourse or chapter."—Id. (8.) "The Paragraph, made thus ¶, sometimes denotes the beginning of a new subject, or of a passage not connected with the text preceding. This character is now seldom used [for such a purpose], except in the Old and New Testaments." Or better:—"except in the Bible."—Id. (9.) "The Quotation Points, written thus " ", mark the beginning and the end of what is quoted or transcribed from some speaker or author, in his own words. In type, they are inverted commas at the beginning, apostrophes at the conclusion."—Id. (10.) "The Brace was formerly used in poetry at the end of a triplet, or where three lines rhymed together in heroic verse; it also serves to connect several terms with one, when the one is common to all, and thus to prevent a repetition of the common term."—Id. (11.) "Several asterisks put together, generally denote the omission of some letters belonging to a word, or of some bold or indelicate expression; but sometimes they imply a defect in the manuscript from which the text is copied."—Id. (12.) "The Ellipsis, made thus ——, or thus ****, is used where some letters of a word, or some words of a verse, are omitted."—Id. (13.) "The Obelisk, which is made thus [Obelisk]; and the Parallels, which are made thus ||; and sometimes the letters of the alphabet; and also the Arabic figures; are used as references to notes in the margin, or at the bottom, of the page."—Id. (14.) "The note of interrogation should not be employed, where it is only said that a question has been asked, and where the words are not used as a question; as, 'The Cyprians asked me why I wept.'"—Id. et al. cor. (15.) "The note of interrogation is improper after mere expressions of admiration, or of any other emotion, though they may bear the form of questions."—Iid. (16.) "The parenthesis incloses something which is thrown into the body of a sentence, in an under tone; and which affects neither the sense, nor the construction, of the main text."—Lowth cor. (17.) "Simple members connected by a relative not used restrictively, or by a conjunction that implies comparison, are for the most part divided by the comma."—Id. (18.) "Simple members, or sentences, connected as terms of comparison, are for the most part separated by the comma."—L. Murray et al. cor. (19.) "Simple sentences connected by a comparative particle, are for the most part divided by the comma."—Russell cor. (20.) "Simple sentences or clauses connected to form a comparison, should generally be parted by the comma."—Merchant cor. (21.) "The simple members of sentences that express contrast or comparison, should generally be divided by the comma."—Jaudon cor. (22.) "The simple members of a comparative sentence, when they are long, are separated by a comma."—Cooper cor. (23.) "Simple sentences connected to form a comparison, or phrases placed in opposition, or contrast, are usually separated by the comma."—Hiley and Bullions cor. (24.) "On whichever word we lay the emphasis,—whether on the first, the second, the third, or the fourth,—every change of it strikes out a different sense."—L. Murray cor. (25.) "To say to those who do not understand sea phrases, 'We tacked to the larboard, and stood off to sea,' would give them little or no information."—Murray and Hiley cor. (26.) "Of those dissyllables which are sometimes nouns and sometimes verbs, it may be observed, that the verb is commonly accented on the latter syllable, and the noun on the former."—L. Murray cor. (27.) "And this gives to our language an advantage over most others, in the poetical or rhetorical style."—Id. et al. cor. (28.) "And this gives to the English language an advantage over most others, in the poetical and the rhetorical style."—Lowth cor. (29.) "The second and the third scholar may read the same sentence; or as many may repeat the text, as are necessary to teach it perfectly to the whole class."—Osborn cor.
(30.) "Bliss is the same, in subject, or in king,
In who obtain defence, or who defend."
—Pope's Essay on Man, IV, 58.
LESSON XVI.—OF MANY ERRORS.
"The Japanese, the Tonquinese, and the Coreans, speak languages differing from one an other, and from that of the inhabitants of China; while all use the same written characters, and, by means of them, correspond intelligibly with one an other in writing, though ignorant of the language spoken by their correspondents: a plain proof, that the Chinese characters are like hieroglyphics, and essentially independent of language."—Jamieson cor.; also Dr. Blair. "The curved line, in stead of remaining round, is changed to a square one, for the reason before mentioned."—Knight cor. "Every reader should content himself with the use of those tones only, that he is habituated to in speech; and should give to the words no other emphasis, than what he would give to the same words, in discourse. [Or, perhaps the author meant:—and should give to the emphatic words no other intonation, than what he would give, &c.] Thus, whatever he utters, will be delivered with ease, and will appear natural."—Sheridan cor. "A stop, or pause, is a total cessation of sound, during a perceptible, and, in musical or poetical compositions, a measurable space of time."— Id. "Pauses, or rests, in speaking or reading, are total cessations of the voice, during perceptible, and, in many cases, measurable spaces of time."—L. Murray et al. cor. "Those derivative nouns which denote small things of the kind named by their primitives, are called Diminutive Nouns: as, lambkin, hillock, satchel, gosling; from lamb, hill, sack, goose."—Bullions cor. "Why is it, that nonsense so often escapes detection, its character not being perceived either by the writer or by the reader?"—Campbell cor. "An Interjection is a word used to express sudden emotion. Interjections are so called, because they are generally thrown in between the parts of discourse, and have no reference to the structure of those parts."—M'Culloch cor. "The verb OUGHT has no other inflection than OUGHTEST, and this is nearly obsolete."— Macintosh cor. "But the arrangement, government, and agreement of words, and also their dependence upon others, are referred to our reason."—Osborn cor. "ME is a personal pronoun, of the first person, singular number, and objective case."—Guy cor. "The noun SELF is usually added to a pronoun; as, herself, himself, &c. The compounds thus formed are called reciprocal pronouns."— Id. "One cannot but think, that our author would have done better, had he begun the first of these three sentences, with saying, 'It is novelty, that bestows charms on a monster.'"—Dr. Blair cor. "The idea which they present to us, of nature resembling art, of art considered as an original, and nature as a copy, seems not very distinct, or well conceived, nor indeed very material to our author's purpose."—Id. "This faulty construction of the sentence, evidently arose from haste and carelessness."—Id. "Adverbs serve to modify terms of action or quality, or to denote time, place, order, degree, or some other circumstance which we have occasion to specify."—Id. "We may naturally expect, that the more any nation is improved by science, and the more perfect its language becomes, the more will that language abound with connective particles."—Id. "Mr. Greenleaf's book is far better adapted to the capacity of learners, than any other that has yet appeared, on the subject."—Feltus and Onderdonk's false praise Englished. "Punctuation is the art of marking, in writing or in print, the several pauses, or rests, which separate sentences, or the parts of sentences; so as to denote their proper quantity or proportion, as it is exhibited in a just and accurate delivery."—Lowth cor. "A compound sentence must generally be resolved into simple ones, and these be separated by the comma." Or better: "A compound sentence is generally divided, by the comma, into its simple members."—Greenleaf and Fisk cor. "Simple sentences should in general be separated from one an other by the comma, unless a greater point is required; as, 'Youth is passing away, age is approaching, and death is near.'"—S. R. Hall cor. "V has always one uniform sound, which is that of f flattened, as in thieve from thief: thus v bears to f the same relation that b does to p, d to t, hard g to k, or z to s."—L. Murray and Fisk cor.; also Walker; also Greenleaf. "The author is explaining the difference between sense and imagination, as powers of the human mind."—L. Murray cor. Or, if this was the critic's meaning: "The author is endeavouring to explain a very abstract point, the distinction between the powers of sense and those of imagination, as two different faculties of the human mind."— Id.; also Dr. Blair cor. "HE—(from the Anglo-Saxon HE—) is a personal pronoun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, and nominative case. Decline HE."—Fowler cor.
CORRECTIONS UNDER THE CRITICAL NOTES.
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE I.—OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
"The passive voice denotes an action received." Or: "The passive voice denotes the receiving of an action."—Maunder corrected. "Milton, in some of his prose works, has many very finely-turned periods."—Dr. Blair and Alex. Jam. cor. "These will be found to be wholly, or chiefly, of that class."—Dr. Blair cor. "All appearances of an author's affecting of harmony, are disagreeable."—Id. and Jam. cor. "Some nouns have a double increase; that is, they increase by more syllables than one: as iter, itin~eris."—Adam et al. cor. "The powers of man are enlarged by progressive cultivation."—Gurney cor. "It is always important to begin well; to make a favourable impression at the first setting out."—Dr. Blair cor. "For if one take a wrong method at his first setting-out, it will lead him astray in all that follows."— Id. "His mind is full of his subject, and all his words are expressive."— Id. "How exquisitely is all this performed in Greek!"—Harris cor. "How unworthy is all this to satisfy the ambition of an immortal soul!"—L. Murray cor. "So as to exhibit the object in its full grandeur, and its most striking point of view."—Dr. Blair cor. "And that the author know how to descend with propriety to the plain style, as well as how to rise to the bold and figured."— Id. "The heart alone can answer to the heart."— Id. "Upon the first perception of it." Or: "As it is first perceived."—Harris cor. "Call for Samson, that he may make sport for us."—Bible cor. "And he made sport before them."— Id. "The term 'to suffer,' in this definition, is used in a technical sense; and means simply, to receive an action, or to be acted upon."—Bullions cor. "The text only is what is meant to be taught in schools."—Brightland cor. "The perfect participle denotes action or existence perfected or finished."—Kirkham cor. "From the intricacy and confusion which are produced when they are blended together."—L. Murray cor. "This very circumstance, that the word is employed antithetically renders it important in the sentence."—Kirkham cor. "It [the pronoun that,] is applied both to persons and to things."—L. Murray cor. "Concerning us, as being everywhere traduced."—Barclay cor. "Every thing else was buried in a profound silence."—Steele cor. "They raise fuller conviction, than any reasonings produce."—Dr. Blair cor. "It appears to me nothing but a fanciful refinement." Or: "It appears to me nothing more than a fanciful refinement"— Id. "The regular and thorough resolution of a complete passage."—Churchill cor. "The infinitive is distinguished by the word TO, which immediately precedes it."—Maunder cor. "It will not be a gain of much ground, to urge that the basket, or vase, is understood to be the capital."—Kames cor. "The disgust one has to drink ink in reality, is not to the purpose, where the drinking of it is merely figurative."— Id. "That we run not into the extreme of pruning so very closely."—See L. Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 318. "Being obliged to rest for a little while on the preposition itself." Or: "Being obliged to rest a while on the preposition itself." Or: "Being obliged to rest [for] a moment on the preposition alone."—Blair and Jam. cor. "Our days on the earth are as a shadow, and there is no abiding."—Bible cor. "There may be attempted a more particular expression of certain objects, by means of imitative sounds."—Blair, Jam., and Mur. cor. "The right disposition of the shade, makes the light and colouring the more apparent."—Dr. Blair cor. "I observe that a diffuse style is apt to run into long periods."— Id. "Their poor arguments, which they only picked up in the highways."—Leslie cor. "Which must be little else than a transcribing of their writings."—Barclay cor. "That single impulse is a forcing-out of almost all the breath." Or: "That single impulse forces out almost all the breath."—Hush cor. "Picini compares modulation to the turning-off from a road."—Gardiner cor. "So much has been written on and off almost every subject."—Sophist cor. "By the reading of books written by the best authors, his mind became highly improved." Or: "By the study of the most instructive books, his mind became highly improved."—L. Mur. cor. "For I never made a rich provision a token of a spiritual ministry."—Barclay cor.