The history of the Jews

by Gotthard Deutsch

In 1842 reform was definitely introduced in the synagogue of Charleston, S. C., following the example set by the foundation of the West London Synagogue of British Jews the year previously. In America, however, reform took strongest hold and soon was accepted by the leading congregations composed of the native and the naturalized element. The most prominent figure in the popularization of this movement in America was Isaac Mayer Wise (1819-1900).

A more conservative view, usually spoken of as that of historic Judaism, was represented by Zechariah Frankel (1801-1875). He stood for freedom of thought in theoretical matters but advocated conservatism in worship and practice. Another division was formed by those who stood uncompromisingly for the preservation of the traditional Jewish life based on a strict belief in the divine origin of the Bible and the authenticity of Rabbinic interpretation, differing from the old school only in so far as they admitted secular education. The chief exponent of this thought was Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888). In America his views were represented by Isaac Leeser (1806-1868) and Sabato Morais (1823-1897), while a compromising attitude was taken by Benjamin Szold (1829-1902) and Marcus Jastrow (1829-1903). The traditional view of Judaism in the sense in which it had generally existed until the latter half of the eighteenth century, was restricted to the Orient and Eastern Europe and to congregations formed by recent immigrants from these countries in Western Europe and America. As a literary champion of this uncompromising attitude Hillel Lichtenstein (1815-1891) deserves mention.

One of the features of modern Jewish development is the communal organization rendered possible by the freedom of movement in religious, charitable and political activities. The Alliance Israélite Universelle deserves for this the first place. It was founded for the purpose of defending the interests of the Jews in countries of oppression and promoting their economic and moral as well as their intellectual status. This organization was followed by others with similar objects, the Israelitische Allianz of Vienna, started in 1873, the Anglo-Jewish Association, founded in 1871, and the Hilfsverein der deutschen Juden, in 1901.

Of the many organizations confined to particular countries the Deutsch-Israelitischer Gemeinde-Bund, founded in 1869, and the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, established in 1873, deserve special mention. Very numerous are the societies created for the promotion of the welfare of the Jews, and aside from the local institutions, like hospitals, homes for the aged, orphan asylums and sanitariums, the societies for the promotion of mechanical trades and agriculture are distinctly a product of the Jewish conditions of the nineteenth century.

Of organizations having a wider scope, the Jewish Colonization Association founded by Baron Moritz de Hirsch in 1891, has the greatest capital. These schemes of colonization, to which the work done by the Zionist organizations and that contemplated by the Jewish Territorial Organization founded in 1905, have to be added, are as yet only in their infancy. In general, however, since the French Revolution there has been a steady progress of Jewish life in all directions.

INDEX

• Aaron ben Elijah, [43]
• Abarbanel, Isaac, [65]
• Abaje, [34]
• Abba Areka (Rab), [33]
• Abbahu of Cæsarea, [31]
• Abderrahman, [39]
• Abeles, Lazarus, [79]
• Abraham ibn Ezra, [49]
• Abramowitsch, Shalom Jacob, [102]
• Abulafia, Meir, [66]
• Acosta, Uriel, [76]
• Adereth Elijahu, [34]
• Adler, Samuel, [110]
• Ælia Capitolina, [22]
• Agobard, [38]
• Agrippa, [16], [17]
• — II, [17]
• Ahai of Shabha, [41]
• “Aharonim,” [86]
• Akedat Yizhak, [65]
• Akiba, [22], [25], [26], [27], [41]
• Albigenses, [63]
• Albo, Joseph, [59], [64]
• Alcharizi, Judah, [51]
• Alexander I, [96]
• — II, [96]
• — Jannai, [13]
• —, son of Aristobul, [14]
• — the Great, [8]
• —, successors of, [9]
• Alexandra Salome, [13]
• Alfasi, Isaac, [51], [66], [67]
• Algiers, Chief Rabbi of, [67]
• Alkabez, Solomon Halevi, [86]
• Alkymus, [12]
• Alliance Israélite Universelle, [106], [107], [111]
• Alorqui, Joshua, [59], [66]
• Alphonso X, [58]
• Alsace, [55], [58], [74], [93], [103]
• Ambrosius, [37]
• America, [83], [99], [100], [109], [110], [111]
• America, Early Jewish Communities in, [81], [82]
• American Revolution, [82]
• Amolo, [39]
• Amoraim, [31]
• Amram Gaon, [41]
• Amsterdam, [75], [76], [81], [82], [100]
• Anan ben David, [43]
• Anatoli, Jacob, [65]
• Anglo-Jewish Association, [111]
• Antigonus, [9]
• —, [14]
• Anti-Jewish books, [38], [39], [73], [79]
• Antiochus III, [9]
• — IV (Epiphanes), [9], [11]
• — V, [11]
• Antipater, [13], [14]
• Anti-Semitism, Rise of, [98]
• Antokolsky, Marcus, [108]
• Antony, [14]
• Apollonius, [10]
• Arabs, [35], [39], [48], [49], [58]
• Arama, Isaac, [65]
• Arbues, Peter, [60]
• Archelaus, [15]
• Arians, [38]
• Aristobul, [13]
• —, [13], [14]
• Armleder, John, [55]
• Artaxerxes, [8]
• — III, Ochus, [8]
• Aruk, [41], [51]
• Aryeh Lob, [87]
• Ascarelli, Deborah, [84]
• Asch, Shalom, [103]
• Ashe, Rab, [34]
• Asher ben Yechiel, [67]
• Auerbach, Berthold, [108]
• Augustus, [16]
• Austria, [79], [91], [92], [94], [95], [98], [105]
• Auto-da-fe, [60], [61], [81]
• Avignon, [57]
• Azariah dei Rossi of Ferrara, [84], [85]
• Babylonia, [7], [8], [31], [32], [33], [40]
• Bacharach, Jair Hayyim, [87]
• Bahya ibn Pakuda, [48], [64]
• Bajazed II, Sultan, [70]
• Balkans, [63]
• Bamberger, Seligman Bär, [105]
• Barcelona, Disputation at, [58]
• Bar Kochba, Simeon, [22], [26]
• Bashjazi, Elijah, [43]
• Basle, Zionist Congress at, [99]
• Bavaria, Mobs in, [93]
• Bela IV, [62]
• Benedict XIII, [59]
• — of York, [48]
• Benjamin of Nehawend, [43]
• Berlin, [72], [75], [79], [81], [90], [100], [106], [110]
• —, Treaty of, [97], [99]
• Bernard of Clairvaux, [47]
• Bernardin of Feltre, [56], [61]
• Bernstein, Aaron, [103]
• Besht, Israel, [78]
• Bevis of Hampton, Sir, [84]
• Bialik, Chayim Nachman, [102]
• Bialystok, [96]
• Bikure Ha-ittim, [104]
• Black Plague, [55]
• Blois, France, [48]
• Blood-accusation, [47], [53], [56], [61], [78], [79], [98]
• Bobo book, [83]
• Boerne, Ludwig, [108]
• Bohemia, [62]
• Bonds, Annulling of, [54]
• Brazil, [81]
• Breslau, [56], [68]
• —, Rabbinic Seminary at, [106]
• Bruna, Israel, Trial of, [68]
• Bulgaria, [97]
• Byzantine Empire, [30], [37]
• Cæsar, [14]
• Cæsarea, [17]
• Caligula, [16]
• Callistus, [23]
• Calvin, [73]
• Capistrano, John, [56], [62]
• Caro, Joseph, [65], [85], [86]
• Carpentras, [57]
• Casimir the Great, [62]
• Cestius Gallus, [18]
• Champagne, province of, [52]
• Charlemagne, [39], [46]
• Charles II of England, [75]
• — III of France, [39]
• Charleston, S. C., Reform Congregation at, [109], [110]
• Charters, [46], [47], [62]
• Chazars, [44], [49]
• “Children of the Ghetto,” [103]
• Chmelnicki, [78]
• Cincinnati, Rabbinic Seminary of, [106]
• Claudius, [17]
• Clemens, Flavius, [21]
• Clementina, [21]
• Cohen, Joseph, [88]
• —, Sabbatai, [86]
• —, Tobias, [89]
• Cologne, [56], [92]
• Colon, Joseph, [68]
• Conforte, David, [88]
• Constantine, [29], [46]
• Constantinople, Conquest of, [63]
• Cordova, Jews in Caliphate of, [39]
• Crassus, [14]
• Cremieux, [100]
• Crescas, Hasdai, [64]
• Cromwell, [75], [81]
• Crusades, [47], [57], [62]
• Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria, [30]
• Cyrus, [7]
• Czars, [96]
• Dahlberg, Baron von, [92]
• Damascus, Blood Accusation in, [98]
• Dante, [65]
• David Halevi, [86]
• David ben Zakkai, [42]
• del Medigo, Jos. Sol., [84]
• Demetrius I, [11]
• Dessau, [79]
• Deuterosis, [30]
• Deutsch-Israelitischer Gemeinde-Bund, [11]
• Dialecticism (see [Pilpul])
• Dio Cassius, [21]
• Diocletian, [28]
• Disputations, [58], [59]
• Divina Commedia, [65]
• Dod Mordecai, [44]
• Dohm, Christian F., [91]
• Dominican Friars, [63], [64], [66], [73], [74]
• Domitian, [20]
• Donin, Nicholas, [57], [64]
• Donmah, [77]
• Donolo, Sabbatai, [45]
• Dramatists, Yiddish, [103]
• Dreyfus, Capt. Alfred, [98]
• Drumont’s “La France Juive,” [98]
• Duma, [97]
• Dunash ibn Labrat, [39]
• Duran, Simeon ben Zemach, [68]
• Eben Bohan, [65]
• — Haezer, [67]
• Eck, John, [73]
• Edward I, [54]
• Eger, Akiba, [105]
• Einhorn, David, [110]
• Eisenmenger, J. A., [79]
• Eldad Hadani, [44]
• Eleazar ben Azariah, [25]
• — ben Jehudah, [68]
• — ben Kallir, [45]
• — of Modin, [22]
• — bar Padath, [31]
• Eliezer ben Hyrkanos, [25]
• Elijah Levita, [83]
• — de Vidas, [86]
• — del Medigo, [66]
• — of Wilna, [88]
• Elisha ben Abuyah (Acher the Apostate), [26]
• Ellstaetter, Moritz, [100]
• Emden, city, [75]
• —, Jacob, [88]
• Emigration from Russia and Rumania, [99]
• Emunot Wedeot, [42]
• England, [54], [75], [82], [91], [95], [100], [110]
• En Jacob, [85]
• “Entdecktes Judenthum,” [79]
• Eshkol Hakofer, [43]
• Ethics, [76]
• Ets Hayim, [43]
• Ettlinger, Jacob, [105]
• Expulsion of Jews, Arabia, [36]
• —, Austria, [74]
• —, Berlin, [75], [79]
• —, Bohemia, [74]
• —, England, [54], [75]
• —, France, [57]
• —, Germany, [56], [57]
• —, Hungary, [62]
• —, Luebeck, [93]
• —, Portugal, [59], [60]
• —, Spain, [60], [62]
• —, Vienna, [79]
• Eybeschuetz, Jonathan, [87], [88]
• Ezra, the Scribe, [8], [32]
• —, the Kabbalist, [69]
• Ezriel, [69]
• Felix, Eliza Rachel, [108]
• Ferdinand of Spain, [60], [70]
• — I of Austria, [74]
• Firkovitch, Abraham, [44]
• “Fiscus Judaicus,” [20], [21]
• Flagellants, [55]
• Fould, Godchaux and Achille, [100]
• France, [37], [38], [39], [48], [53], [54], [57], [58], [68], [91], [98], [100]
• Frank, Jacob, [77]
• Frankel, Zechariah, [104], [110]
• Frankfort-on-the-Main, [80], [92], [110]
• Franzos, Karl Emil, [103]
• Frederick II of Germany, [53], [65]
• — the Belligerent, Law of, [53]
• — the Great, [90]
• — William III, [94]
• — William, of Brandenburg, [79]
• French Revolution, [94]
• Gabirol (see [Solomon ibn])
• Gamaliel II, [24], [25]
• Gan Eden, [43]
• Gans, David, [88]
• Gaonim, [40], [41], [42], [43]
• Gaza, Battle of, [9]
• Gedaliah ibn Yahya, [88]
• Geiger, Abraham, [104], [110]
• Germany, [36], [37], [39], [46], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [68], [72], [73], [74], [75], [79], [80], [81], [89], [90], [91], [92], [93], [98], [101], [103]
• Geronimo de Santa Fe (see [Alorqui, Joshua])
• Gershom ben Judah (Meor Hagolah), [46]
• Gessius Floras, [17]
• Ghetto, [71], [92]
• Ghetto novel, [103]
• Goldschmidt, Meier Aaron, [103]
• Goldsmid, Francis H., [95]
• Gombiner, Abraham, [86]
• Gomperz, Elijah, [79]
• Gordin, Jacob, [103]
• Gordon, Judah Loew, [102]
• Goths, [37], [38]
• Graetz, Heinrich, [108]
• Granada, [49]
• Grégoire, Abbé, [91]
• Gregory I, [37], [38]
• Gregory of Tours, [38]
• Guenzburg, Aaron, [101]
• “Guide of the Perplexed,” [50]
• Habib, Jacob ibn, [84]
• Hadrian, [21], [22]
• Halakot Gedolot, [40]
• Halberstadt, [79]
• Halle, [79]
• Hamaggid, [104]
• Hamburg, [93], [109]
• Hamon, Joseph, [70]
• Hanina, Rabbi, [31]
• Haschiloach, [104]
• Hasdai ibn Shaprut, [39], [44]
• Hasidim, [77]
• —, Sefer, [68]
• Hasidism, [77], [78]
• Hasmonæans, [11]
• Hay Gaon, [42]
• Hayon, Nehemiah, [77]
• Hazan, Hayim David, [105]
• “Hazefirah,” [104]
• Hechasid, Judah ben Samuel, [68]
• Heilprin, Jehiel, [88]
• Heine, Heinrich, [108]
• Helic, Luke, [73]
• Heliodorus, [10]
• Henry II of Aragon, [58]
• — III of England, [54]
• — IV of Germany, [46]
• “Hep-hep” riots, [93]
• Heraclius, [30]
• Herod, [14], [15]
• — Antipas, [15]
• Herzl, Theodor, [99]
• Hezekiah, [14]
• —, Gaon, [43]
• Hilfsverein der deutschen Juden, [111]
• Hillel, [23], [24]
• — II, [32]
• Hilperic, [38]
• Hirsch, Baron Moritz de, [99], [112]
• Hirsch, Samson Raphael, [111]
• —, Samuel, [110]
• Hisda, [34]
• Hizuk Emunah, [43]
• Hof-Jude, Hof-factor, [79]
• Holdheim, Samuel, [110]
• Holland (see [Amsterdam])
• Homel, [96]
• Hönig, Israel, [90], [92]
• Horowitz, Isaiah, [86]
• Hoshen Mishpat, [67]
• Host Desecration, [54], [56], [72]
• Huna, [33], [34]
• Hungary, [62]
• Hussites, [56]
• Hyrcan, John, [12]
• Ibn Ezra, Abraham, [49], [85]
• —, Ganah, [39]
• —, Moses, [50]
• — Tibbon, Samuel, [50], [64]
• Idumæans, [12], [13], [15]
• Ikkarim, [59], [64]
• Immanuel ben Solomon, [65]
• Innocent III, [48]
• — IV, [53]
• Inquisition, [59], [60], [63], [80], [81]
• Ipsus, Battle of, [9]
• Isaac ben Meir, [51]
• — ben Sheshet (Ribash), [67]
• —, Bernhard, [90]
• —, Don, [58]
• — of Troki, [43]
• —, son of Rabed, [69]
• Isabella, [60]
• Isaiah di Trani, [68]
• Ishmael, Rabbi, [26]
• Isidore of Seville, [38]
• Islam, [36], [77]
• Israelitische Allianz, [111]
• Israels, Joseph, [108]
• Isserlein, Israel, [68]
• Isserls, Moses, [85]
• Jabneh, School of, [24]
• Jacob ben Asher, [67], [85]
• Jacobson, Israel, [109]
• Jacob ben Meir (see [Rabbenu Tam])
• James VIII, [58]
• Jannai, [45]
• —, Alexander, [13]
• Jason (Joshua), [10]
• Jastrow, Marcus, [111]
• Jerome, [32]
• Jerusalem, Siege of, by Titus, [18]
• —, by Hadrian, [22]
• —, by Saladin, [63]
• Jesuits, [71], [78], [79]
• Jew Badge (see [Yellow Badge])
• Jewish Colonization Association, [112]
• — Propaganda, in Rome, [21], [29]
• — Territorial Organization, [112]
• Joachim II, Margrave, [75]
• Johanan bar Nappaha, [31]
• —, high priest, [8]
• — ben Zakkai, [24]
• John, King of England, [54]
• — Hyrcan, [12]
• Jonathan, Maccabee, [12]
• Jose bar Halafta, [27]
• — ben Jose, [45]
• —, Rabbi, [32]
• Joseph II of Austria, [91], [105]
• —, Rab, [34]
• —, Raphael, [77]
• —, son of Samuel Hanagid, [49]
• —, son of Tobias, [9]
• Josephus, Flavius, [18], [45]
• Joshua ben Hananiah, [25]
• — ben Jehozadak, [8]
• —, Jacob, [87]
• Josippon, [45]
• Jost, Isaac Marcus, [108]
• Jotapat, Siege of, [18]
• Judæo-Christian sect, [77]
• Judah bar Ezekiel, [34]
• — bar Ilai, [27]
• — ben Samuel Hechasid, [68]
• — Hadassi, [43]
• — Halevi, [44], [49], [64]
• — Hanasi, [27], [28], [30], [33]
• — successors of, [31]
• — Hayug, [39]
• —, son of Hezekiah, [16]
• —, the Elder, [64]
• —, the Maccabee, [11]
• —, the Patriarch, [23]
• Jüdenfeind, [73]
• Judenstaat, Der, [99]
• Julian, the Apostate, [29]
• Julius Severus, [22]
• Justinian, [30]
• Kabbala, [41], [45], [63], [69], [77], [84], [86], [87], [88]
• Kalla, [40]
• Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, [65]
• — family, [68]
• — of Lucca, [39], [46]
• Kapsali, Elijah, [68]
• Kara, Simeon, [66]
• Karaites, [43], [44]
• Karben, Victor von, [74]
• Kerem Hemed, [104]
• Kimhi, David, [62], [63]
• —, Joseph, [64]
• —, Moses, [64]
• Kishineff, [96], [102]
• Kohut, Alexander, [41]
• Kompert, Leopold, [103]
• Krochmal, Nahman, [107]
• Kuzari, [44], [49], [64]
• Ladino, [63], [70]
• Laimen, Bavaria, [90]
• Landau, Ezekiel, [87]
• Lateran Council, [48]
• Lattes, Bonet de, [71]
• Leeser, Isaac, [111]
• Legislation, Mediæval, [53]
• Lehman, Behrendt, [79]
• “Lekah Dodi,” [86]
• Lemberg, [78]
• Lemlein, Asher, [72]
• Leo X, [71]
• Leon, Judah Messer, [65]
• Leopold (Lippold), [75]
• — I of Austria, [79]
• Levi ben Gershom, [64]
• —, Herz, [79]
• Levita, Elijah, [71], [83]
• Libman, Jost, [79]
• Lichtenstein, Hillel, [111]
• Liebermann, Max, [108]
• Literary Activity in Europe, Earliest, [45]
• Lithuania, [78]
• Liturgy, [41], [49]
• Locke, John, [82]
• Loeb, Aryeh, [87]
• Loewe Ben Bezalel, [85]
• Longobards, [37]
• Louis I of Germany, [39]
• — of Hungary, [62]
• — IX of France, [57]
• — X of France, [57]
• — of Hesse, [73]
• Luebeck, [93]
• Luria, Isaac, [86]
• —, Solomon, [85]
• Luther, [72], [73]
• Luzzatti, Luigi, [100]
• Luzzatto, Moses Hayyim, [87]
• —, Samuel David, [107]
• Lysias, [11]
• Maaseh Tobiyah, [89]
• Maccabee, Judah the, [11]
• Machir ben Aba Mari, [66]
• Magnesia, Battle of, [9]
• Maimonides, [50], [51], [63], [66], [85]
• Mammæa, [23]
• Manuel, [60]
• Mapu, Abraham, [101], [102]
• Marannos, [59], [60], [61], [70], [72], [76], [80], [81]
• Marcus Aurelius, [23]
• Margaliot, Jacob, [73]
• Margaritha, Antonius, [73]
• Mariamne, [15], [16]
• Marinus (see [ibn Ganah])
• Martinez, Ferdinand, [58]
• Massada, Siege of, [19]
• Masseket Purim, [65]
• Mattathiah, [11]
• Mayence, [46], [92]
• “Meassef,” [101], [103]
• Medigo (see [del Medigo, Jos. Sol.])
• Medigo, Elijah del, [66]
• Medini, Hayim Hezekiah, [105]
• Meir of Rothenburg, [67]
• —, Rabbi, [27]
• Meisels, Mordecai, [74]
• Menahem ben Saruk, [39]
• Menasseh ben Israel, [75]
• Mendele the bookseller (see [Abramowitsch])
• Mendelssohn, Moses, [90], [100], [101], [105]
• Mendes, Joseph (Duke of Naxos), [70]
• —, Gracia, [70]
• Menelaus, [10]
• Meor Enayim, [84]
• Merovingian kings, [37]
• Messiah, [33], [36], [70], [71], [76], [77], [86]
• Metz, [91], [106]
• Meyerbeer, Giacomo, [108]
• Mezdzyrzecz, Baer, [78]
• Midrah, [45], [65], [66]
• Miklol, [63]
• Ministers, Jews as, [100]
• Mishnah, Compilation of, [27], [30], [31], [33], [34]
• —, Commentary, [50], [64]
• Mishneh Torah, [50]
• Mizrahi, Elijah, [83]
• Mob Violence, [29], [40], [37], [46], [48], [54], [55], [57], [62], [78], [79], [80], [93], [96], [99]
• Modena, Leon, [84]
• Modin, [11]
• Mohammed, [35], [36]
• Mohammedans, [29], [39], [40], [70], [72]
• Molcho, Solomon, [72]
• Monism, [76]
• Morais, Sabato, [111]
• Moravian Brethren, [73]
• Mordecai ben Hillel, [67]
• — ben Nissim, [44]
• Moreh Nebukim, [50], [63], [64], [67]
• Morteira, Rabbi Saul, [76]
• Moses ben Maimon (see [Maimonides])
• — ben Nachman, [58], [66]
• — ben Uri, [75]
• — ibn Ezra, [50]
• — of Coucy, [68]
• — of Leon, [69]
• Nahman bar Jacob, [34]
• — of Bratzlav, [78]
• Naples, [37]
• Napoleon I, [93]
• — III, [100]
• Nathan of Gaza, [77]
• — of Rome, [41], [51]
• Naxos, Duke of, [70]
• Nebuchadnezzar, [7]
• Nehardea, School in, [33]
• Nehemiah, [8]
• — Hakohen, [77]
• Nero, [18]
• Nerva, [21]
• New York, [102]
• —, Rabbinic Seminary of, [106]
• Nicholas I, [96]
• Nigrinus, [73]
• Nikanor, [12]
• Nikolsburg, [106]
• Norway, [95]
• Nuremberg, [67], [68]
• Odessa, [96].
• Offenbach, [77]
• Oglethorpe, James, [82]
• Omar, Covenant of, [36]
• Onias III, [10]
• Oppenheimer, Moritz, [108]
• —, Samuel, [79]
• Orah Hayyim, [67]
• Organizations, [111], [112]
• Orzeska, Eliza, [103]
• Ostrogoths, [36]
• Ottolenghi, Joseph, [100]
• Padua, School at, [106]
• Palaggi, Hayim, [105]
• Palestine, Character of Studies in, [32]
• Pantheism (Monism), [76]
• Parliaments, Jews as members of, [94], [95], [97]
• Parsees, [28]
• Parthians, [14], [28]
• Paul IV, [71]
• Payetanim, [45]
• Peretz, Isaac Loeb, [102]
• Perls, Joseph, [105]
• Persecutions (see [Mob Violence], [Host Desecration], and [Blood Accusation])
• Persia, [8], [30], [40]
• Peter the Cruel, [58]
• Petronius, [16]
• Pfefferkorn, John, [73], [74]
• Pharisees, [13], [21]
• Philip, son of Herod, [15]
• — IV of France, [57]
• — V of France, [57], [72]
• Philippi, Battle of, [14]
• Philippson, Ludwig, [104]
• Pick, Isaiah, [88]
• Pilpul, [34], [87], [88]
• Pirke, Rabbi Eliezer, [45]
• Pius V, [71]
• —, Marcus Antoninus, [23], [26]
• Piyut, [45]
• Podolia, [77]
• Poland, [57], [62], [71], [77], [78]
• Pompey, [14]
• Pontius Pilate, [16]
• Popes, [37], [38], [48], [53], [57], [59], [61], [70], [71], [72], [74], [93]
• Portugal, [60], [76], [80], [81], [82]
• Press, Jewish, [101], [103], [104]
• Printing, [62], [71], [75]
• Priscus, [38]
• Propaganda, [20], [29]
• Protestantism, [72], [73]
• Prussia (see [Berlin] and [Germany]), [90], [92], [94]
• Ptolemy, of Egypt, [9]
• —, son-in-law of Simon the Maccabee, [12]
• Pumbeditha, School of, [34], [40], [42]
• Quietus, [21]
• Quirinius, [16]
• Rab (see [Abba Areka])
• Raba, [34]
• Rabba bar Nahmani, [34]
• Rabbenu-Hakadosh (see [Judah Hanasi])
• — Tam, [51], [52]
• Rabbi (see [Judah Hanasi])
• Rabina, [34]
• Ramban, [66], [69]
• Rapoport, Solomon Loew, [107]
• Rashba (see [Solomon ibn Adret])
• Rashbam, [51], [52]
• Rashi, [51], [52]
• Ratisbon, [56], [57]
• Ravenna, [37]
• Rebellion of Jews, under Trajan, [21]
• Reform Movement, [109], [110], [111]
• Reformation, [72], [73], [74], [78], [83]
• Reggio, Isaac Samuel, [107]
• Renaissance, [73], [83], [84]
• Resh Galutha, [40]
• — Methibta, [40]
• Responsa (see [Teshubot])
• Reubeni, David, [72]
• Reuchlin, John, [73], [74]
• Reyna, [70]
• Rhode Island, [76], [82]
• Ribash (see [Isaac ben Sheshet])
• Richard Cœur de Lion, [48]
• Riesser, Gabriel, [94]
• Rieti, Moses, [65]
• Rindfleisch riot, [55], [67]
• Roettingen, [54]
• Rokeah, [68]
• Romano, Elijah, [71]
• —, Solomon, [71]
• Rome, [13] sq. (see [Popes]), [93]
• Rosenfeld, Morris, [102]
• Rosh, [67]
• Rosheim, Josel, [74]
• Rossi, Azariah dei (see [Azariah])
• Rothschild, Baron Lionel de, [95]
• —, Baron Nathan de, [96]
• Rumania, [97], [99]
• Russia, [96], [97], [99]
• Saadya Gaon, [42], [43]
• Sabbatai Zebi, [76], [77], [88]
• Saboraim, [34]
• Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, [103]
• Sadducees, [13]
• Safed, [70], [86]
• Saladin, [63]
• Salman ben Jeroham, [43]
• Salome Alexandra, [13]
• Salomons, David, [95]
• Samaritans, Conversion of, [12]
• Samuel of Nehardea, [33]
• — ben Meir (see [Rashbam])
• —, Herbert, [100]
• — Hanagid, [49]
• — ibn Adijah, [35]
• — ibn Hofni, [42]
• San Benito, [60]
• Sanhedrin, [24], [25], [33], [93]
• Sargon, [7]
• Schools, Modern, [105], [106], [107]
• Schreiber, Moses (Sofer), [104]
• “Science of Judaism,” [107]
• Secular Education, Rise of, [101], [105]
• Seder Rab Amram, [41]
• Seesen, [109]
• Sefer Hayashar, [52]
• Seleucus, [9]
• Seligmann, Aaron Elias, [90]
• Selim I, Sultan, [70]
• Semag, [69]
• Servia, [97]
• Severus, Alexander, [23]
• —, Septimius, [23]
• “Shebet Jehudah,” [88]
• Sheeltot, [41]
• Shepherd Crusaders, [57]
• Sherira, Epistle of, [42]
• Shesheth, [34]
• Shtadlan, [74]
• Shulhan Aruk, [65], [85], [86]
• Sicarii, [17]
• Sidra, [40]
• Silbermann, Lazarus, [104]
• Simeon bar Isaac, [46]
• — ben Azai, [26]
• — ben Gamaliel II, [27]
• — ben Lakish, [31]
• — ben Shetach, [13]
• — ben Yohai, [69], [88]
• — Kayara, [40]
• —, the Stylite, St., [30]
• Simon, the reformer, [10]
• —, the Maccabee, [12]
• —, of Trent, [56]
• Sofer, Moses, [104]
• Soliman II, Sultan, [70]
• Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier, [66]
• — ben Isaac (see [Rashi])
• — Halevi (Paul, Bishop of Burgos), [59]
• — Ibn Adret (Rashba), [67]
• — ibn Gabirol, [49]
• — Ibn Verga, [88]
• —, son of Judah, [64]
• Soncino family, [75]
• Sonnenthal, Adolf von, [108]
• Spain, [38], [39], [48], [49], [58], [70], [81], [88]
• Spector, Isaac Elhanan, [105]
• Speyer, [46], [47]
• Spinoza, Benedict, [76]
• Steinhart, Joseph, [88]
• Steinschneider, Moritz, [108]
• Straus, Oscar S., [100]
• Stuyvesant, Governor, [76], [82]
• Sullam, Sarah Copia, [84]
• Sultans, [70]
• Sura, School in, [33], [40], [42]
• Sweden, [95]
• Switzerland, [95]
• Syria, [9], [10], [12]
• Szold, Benjamin, [111]
• Talmud, Burning of, [57]
• —, Palestinian, [32]
• —, Babylonian, [34], [46], [51], [52], [64], [67], [71], [84]
• —, Travesty on, [65]
• Talmudic Dictionaries, [41], [51]
• — Literature, [66]
• Tanaim, [27], [31]
• Targum, [34]
• Tarnopol, [105]
• Tashbez (Simeon Duran), [68]
• Terumat Ha-Deshen, [68]
• Teshubot (Responsa), [40], [42], [46], [67], [68]
• Theodoric, [36]
• Theodosius I, [29]
• — II, [30]
• Tiberias, School of, [31]
• Tineius Rufus, [22]
• Tishbi, [83]
• Titus, [18]
• Toledo, [58]
• “Toleranz-Edict,” [91]
• Torquemada, Thomas, [60]
• Tortosa, Disputation at, [59]
• Tosafists, [52]
• Tractatus, Theologico Politicus, [76]
• Trajan, [21]
• Trani, Isaiah di, [68]
• Tremellius, Emanuel, [73]
• Trent, Blood Accusation at, [56], [61]
• —, Council of, [71]
• Trigland, Jacob, [43]
• Tryphon, [12]
• Turim, [67]
• Turks, [63], [70]
• Union of American Hebrew Congregations, [112]
• United States (see [America])
• Uriel Acosta, [76]
• Usha, Synod at, [26]
• Usque, Samuel, [88]
• Varus, [16]
• Venice, [70], [71], [72]
• Vespasian, [18], [24]
• Vidas, Elijah de, [86]
• Vienna, Congress of, [93]
• —, School for blind and deaf mutes at, [106]
• Visigoths, [38]
• Vital, Hayyim, [86]
• Volhynia, [77]
• Washington, George, [82]
• Weill, Alexander, [103]
• Wenzel, King of Bohemia, [55]
• Wertheimer, Samson, [79]
• Wesel, Naphtali Herz, [101]
• Wessely Hartwig (see [Wesel])
• West India Company, [76]
• William of Norwich, [47]
• Williams, Roger, [76], [82]
• Wise, Isaac M., [104], [110]
• Wolf, Moses Benj., [79]
• Wolfenstein, Martha, [103]
• Wolkenburg Castle, [47]
• Wollemborg, [100]
• Worms, [46]
• Wuerzburg, [47]
• Yalkut Machiri, [66]
• — Shimeoni, [66]
• Yellow Badge, [48], [58], [71], [91]
• Yezirah, Sefer, [41]
• Yiddish, [63], [102]
• Yoreh Deah, [67]
• Zadok, [13]
• Zangwill, Israel, [103]
• Zealots, [16], [18], [24]
• “Zemah David,” [88]
• Zemah Gaon, [41], [51]
• Zemstvo, Jews excluded from the, [97]
• Zerahiah Halevi, [67]
• Zerubbabel, [8]
• Zebi, Sabbatai (see [Sabbatai])
• Zion, Ode to, [49]
• —, Lovers of, [99]
• Zionism, [99], [113]
• Zohar, [69], [88]
• Zunz, Leopold, [107]