, which is to gesticulate: [Footnote 103] whence gesticulators (that is, players) are called histriones.
[Footnote 103: Here is a notable instance of Durandus's misderivations, of which we have spoken in the Introduction.]
10. Allegory is when one thing is said and another meant: as when by one deed another is intended: which other thing, if it be visible, the whole is simply an allegory, if invisible and heavenly, an anagoge. Also an allegory is when one state of things is described by another: as when the patience of Christ, and the sacraments of the Church are set forth by mystical words or deeds. As in that place: 'There shall come forth a rod of the stem of Jesse, and a branch shall grow out of his roots:' [Footnote 104] which is in plain language. The Virgin Mary shall be born of the family of David, who was the son of Jesse. [This is an example of mysticism in words.] Truth is also set forth by mystic deeds: as the children of Israel's freedom from Egyptian slavery, wrought by the blood of a lamb, signifieth that the Church is freed by the Passion of Christ from demoniacal servitude. [Footnote 105] The word allegory is derived from the Greek allon, which means foreign, and gore, which is sense; that is, a foreign sense.
[Footnote 104: Isaiah xi, 1.]
[Footnote 105: See Appendix I.]
11. Tropology is an injunction unto morality: or a moral speech, either with a symbolical or an obvious bearing, devised to evince and instruct our behaviour. Symbolical; as where he saith, 'Let thy garments be always white: and let the oil of thy head never fail.' [Footnote 106] That is, let all thy works be pure, and charity never fail from thy mind. And again, It is fit that David should slay the Goliath within us: that is, that humbleness may subdue our pride. Obvious as in that saying, 'Deal thy bread to the hungry.' [Footnote 107] And in that text: 'Let us not love in word, neither in tongue: but in deed and truth.' [Footnote 108] Now tropology hath his name from tropos, a turning, and logos, which is a discourse.
[Footnote 106: Ecclesiastes ix, 8.]
[Footnote 107: Isaiah lviii, 7.]
[Footnote 108: 1 S. John iii, 18.]
12. Anagoge is so called from ana, which is upwards, and goge, a leading: as it were an upward leading. Whence the anagogic sense is that which leadeth from the visible to the invisible: as light, made the first day, signifieth a thing invisible, namely the angelic nature which was made in the beginning. Anagoge, therefore, is that sense which leadeth the mind upwards to heavenly things: that is to the Trinity and the orders of angels, and speaketh concerning future rewards, and the future life which is in the heaven: and it useth both obvious and mystical expressions; obvious, as in that saying, 'Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God:' [Footnote 109] mystical, as that, 'Blessed are they that have made white their robes: that they may have right unto the tree of life, and enter in through the gate into the city.' [Footnote 110] Which signifieth, Blessed are they who make pure their thoughts, that they may have a right to see 'God, who is the way, the truth, and the life:' [Footnote 111] and after the example of the fathers, enter into the kingdom of heaven.
[Footnote 109: S. Matthew v, 8.]
[Footnote 110: Apocalypse vii, 14.]
[Footnote 111: S. John xiv, 6.]