3. ནས་ (from, or after, doing something) in temporal clauses with ‘after, when, as’; practically it is very much like ཏེ་, and often alternating with it. In most cases, in speaking always, it is added to the root, seldom to the infinitive.[[57]]—Examples. ནམ་ ‘when the night had risen (viz. at daybreak) he went’; ལང་ ‘after you will have risen, go!’ དེ་ ‘when I saw that, raising clamour, I wept’.
4. ན་ ‘in (doing something)’ again for clauses with ‘since, when, as’, but in most cases by far for ‘if’ and conditional ‘when’: འགྲོ་ ‘if, or, when (I) go, or went’; ཤི་ ‘when, after (he) has died’, ‘if he is already dead’; ཤི་ ‘if (he) die, should die’, ‘if (he) died’, ‘when (he) dies’; བྱེད་ ‘if … do, did’; བྱ་ ‘if … were to do’. It is added to the root, seldom to the infinitive, and as common in talking as in books.
5. ལ་ is of more various use. When added to the root, it is very much like ཅིང་, which it replaces in the conversational language of CT (where the first example of 2. would be, མ་), but does not occur so often except in imperative or precative sentences, when it is added to the Imperative root of the subordinate verb, just like other gerunds: སོང་ ‘going look!’, ‘go and look!’ ལོང་ ‘rise and go!’. This particle, like the above-mentioned, implies the verb ‘to be’, especially when added to adjectives denoting a personal quality. མི་ ‘being ugly and short’; དབྱིབས་[[58]]པ་ ‘pretty, being of a good figure and nice to behold’. When added to the Infinitive, it denotes: a) of course, the real Dative, or the usual meanings of the postposition ལ་ with a substantive; thus, གསོད་ ‘to rejoice at killing, be fond of killing’. b) nearly the same as ཏེ་ or ‘as’ in English, e.g. ལམ་ ‘as there was an idol-shrine in the middle of the way, (she) alighted from (her) chariot’; རྒྱལ་ ‘as the king went there daily to bathe’; འཇིག་ ‘as (it) does not occur in the (whole) world, what is (its) occurring here, or, how is it that it occurs here?’. Finally, in the language of common life ལ་ is added to the repeated root in order to express the English ‘while, whilst’: ངས་ ṅā̤ s̀a tub-túb-la kʽyód-dī ([15., Note]) s̀iṅ kʽyoṅ WT, or ཁྱོད་ kʽyöʼ-kyī s̀iṅ kur-s̀og CT ‘while I am cutting the meat into pieces, bring you (some) wood’.
6. ལས་ added only to the Infinitive, literally ‘out of (the doing)’. This may mean a) ‘after’, ཉལ་ ‘to rise from lying, after having lain’; དུར་ ‘after having been three days in [[59]]the grave (I) came out of the grave’.—b) ‘while’, in which case the root of the verb may be repeated, as: སོང་ ‘out of my walking i.e. when walking along, (I) met with a brahman’; ང་ (the above mentioned example (s. ལ་) translated into classical language); c) also the English ‘being about to’ is, in books, often expressed by this Gerund: ནང་ ‘when (I) was about to enter, the door was shut’; ཤི་ ‘when (I) was going to die, (I) was restored to life again’. Which of the three is the real meaning, will in most cases be clear from circumstances. This gerund is not used in talking, at least in WT.
7. ཀྱིས་ (གྱིས་ etc.) or ཀྱི་ (གྱི་ etc.), or the Instrumental and Genitive cases of the root, mean a) ‘by doing something’ or ‘because’, e.g. དགོས་ ‘we come (here), because it is necessary’. ཁོ་ ‘since I am resolved to help you, do not be depressed!’ This, originally, is a function of the Instrumental only, but in later times the other cases also are used in this meaning.—b) more frequently they are used adversatively, ‘though’, especially when connected with མོད་ ([40. 1. e]), ཅེས་ ‘though (you) did [[60]]say so, by what shall (I) believe (it)?’ In other cases it may be left untranslated when the next sentence will commence with ‘but’: ཟས་ ‘not liking delicate food, he ate vulgar food’ or ‘he did not like d. f., but preferred v. f.’. This Gerund is scarcely used in talking, at least in WT.
8. པས་ (བས་), the Instrumental of the Infinitive, ‘by (doing something)’ is, of course, the proper expression for ‘because’, but also very often used indiscriminately for ཏེ་ or ནས་ only for the sake of varying the mode of speaking: ཤིན་ ‘because it is very difficult’; ལྟས་ ‘when (he) looked’.
9. Also གིན་ the proper use of which has been shewn above ([35. 2. d.]) must be mentioned once more as it occurs in a similar sense to ཅིང་, སྨོན་ ‘walk on praying (preces faciendo)!’; བྲང་ ‘beating (her own) breast and weeping’.
B. Supines. They are expressed simply by the Terminative Case of the Infinitive or of the Root, མཐོང་ or ཐོང་ ‘to see’. In many instances the use of either is optional, in others one is preferred. 1. Their use is: with adjectives like the Latin supine in u, e.g. བསླབ་ ‘difficult to learn’; with verbs expressing ‘to go, to send’ etc., [[61]]also ‘to pray’ etc. like that in um: ལེན་ ‘go to fetch’, གནང་ ‘(I) beg (you) to permit,—for permission’. In these cases the root is most common, but the Inf. བསླབ་, or གནང་, ལེན་ may also be used. 2. Another use of the Supine is a) with verbs of sensation and, less frequently, with those of declaration, where we use sentences with ‘that’ or the Participle or Infinitive: མ་ ‘seeing (his) mother coming’ (instead of which, however, འོང་ may be said as well); ༌༌༌བའི་ ‘knowing that the time of … ing had arrived’ (lit: ‘that it had come down to the time’); རྒྱལ་ ‘remembering him to be the king’s son’ or ‘that he was …’.—b) in an adverbial sense, when we say ‘so that’, especially in negative sentences, ‘so that not’, ‘without … ing’, སུས་ ‘so that nobody may (did) perceive it’, or ‘without anybody perceiving it’.
Note 1. The modern language of WT uses in the first instance ([B. 1].) either the simple Infinitive, བསླབ་ (or དཀག་), or the same with ལ་, བསླབ་, or with ཕྱི་ (for the ཕྱིར་ of the books s. [7. 2].), བསླབ་; in the second either the same forms, or a particular one, which consists in repeating the final consonant [[62]]of the root with the vowel a, to which also ལ་ may be added: thus, ལེན་, ཁྱོད་ ‘(I) have come to meet you’; in the third, the direct Imperative adding ཞུ་ for the sake of civility, དགོངས་ ‘pray permit!’
In the case of [B. 2]., instead of མ་, the expression in common use will be ཨ་ or ཡོང་; instead of སུས་, either the same form, མ་, or the Gerund, མ་.—In CT those examples would respectively, stand thus, བསླབ་ or བསླབ་ or བསླབ་ láb-tu, láb-ba (sounding almost lă-wa), láb-pa̤ dʽo̤n-dʽu kag-po; in the third instance a peculiar word, ‘rog’, is used, which is said to be originally the same as གྲོགས་ (རོགས་) ‘friend, assistant’, and serves now as the respectful substitute of ཅིག་, Particle of the Imperative, གནང་ ‘pray permit!’, སྟེར་ ‘pray give!’ Instead of མ་ etc. the most usual form in CT will be the simple Participle, མ་.