ནད་, WT: ཅིའི་, CT: གང་ ‘for what reason has that illness come? what is the cause of etc.?’.
སེམས་ ‘in behalf of all living beings’.
ཤིང་ (WT: རྡོ་) བཏོང་ ‘give (apply) stone instead of wood’.
བཞིན་ ‘according to, like, as’—རྒྱལ་ ‘doing according to the word of the king’; དེ་[[74]]བཞིན་ ‘according to that, like that, thus, so’; སྔ་ ‘as formerly, as before’; instead of it the dialect of WT uses ནང་, generally with the Genitive, thus the last example there would be: སྔན་.
ལྟར་ ‘like’, རི་ ‘like a hill’; འདི་, དེ་ ‘like this, like that, thus, so’, ཅི་, CT: གང་ ‘like what? how? in what manner?’.
In the dialect of WT མཚོགས་ or མཚོགས་ is used instead (which is a corruption of མཚོངས་, occurring in books with the same meaning): thus, རི་ ‘like a hill’; འདི་, དེ་ ‘thus’; or ཟུག་ (properly ཙུག་), ཨི་, ཨ་ ‘thus’, ག་ ‘how?’.
Chapter IX.
The Conjunction.
44. The written language possesses very few, the spoken still fewer, Conjunctions, most of which are coordinative. The common word for ‘and’ is དང་ which we have seen above in the sense of ‘with’, གསེར་ ‘gold and silver and iron and collection (i.e. and so on)’, though the position of the s̀ad ([10].) after the word དང་ shows that it is always considered as belonging to the preceding member of the sentence, similar, in [[75]]this respect, to the Latin ‘que’; nor can it in any case begin a sentence. Very seldom, and only in later literature, it appears as combining two verbs, if not, indeed, the root ought to be regarded there as abbreviation for the infinitive. Further: ཡང་ ‘also, too’. When belonging to a single word or notion it is put after it in an enclitical way like ‘quoque’ in Latin. It is changed according to the termination of the preceding word, into ཀྱང་ after ག་ ད་ བ་ ས་[1], into འང་ often after vowels (cf. [6]). Thus: བུ་ ‘taking also a son (with him)’. When repeated, it has the signification of Latin ‘et—et—’, མ་ ‘both mother and son died’. Often, especially in negative sentences, it means ‘even’, གཅིག་ ‘even one (they) did not find—not even one’. This is the only means for expressing ‘none, no, nothing’, མི་ (or གང་) ཡང་ (resp. ཡོངས་) ‘nobody came’; དེ་ (ཅིའང་, or ཅང་) མེད་ ‘there is nothing’ (cf. [29]). When combined with verbs, བཙལ་ ‘even searching (they) did not find’, it serves as another expression for ‘though’ or also ‘but’ (s. [41. A. 7. b]): thus, ‘though they searched, they etc.’ or ‘they searched, but they etc.’. Standing [[76]]for itself (not leaning on the preceding word) it means ‘again, once more’ (when it is to be regarded as adverb), དེར་ ‘there (I) fainting once more etc.’. In the beginning of a sentence it is ‘and, again, moreover’, and may occasionally be rendered by ‘however, but’. ཡང་, ‘or’; repeated, ཡང་ ‘either—or—’.—‘Or’ is expressed also by the interrogative affix of the finite verb ([34. 1].), འམ་ etc., གསེར་ ‘a bottle of gold, silver, or copper’.—འོན་ ‘nevertheless, but’, vulg: ཡིན་ occurs much less frequently in Tibetan than in the European languages.