Battles of English History

by H. B. George

[93] Sindia, Holkar, Bhonslay, are family appellations, but they serve to identify three of the chief Mahratta states better than the individual names of the successive rulers.

[94] It is said that Wellesley had no information that the Kaitna was fordable there, but that he inferred it from the fact of there being another village opposite Assye, and no sort of bridge.

[95] The parallel is singularly exact between the conduct of the three great Mahratta princes in 1803-4 and that of Austria, Russia and Prussia in 1805-6. The two former made war on Napoleon, trying in vain to induce Prussia to join them: after they had been decisively defeated at Austerlitz, Prussia alone attacked the conqueror, with the natural result of being still worse beaten at Jena.

[96] This method of attack in oblique order, or in échelon, is by some writers treated as a great discovery, attributed to Frederick the Great of Prussia. He certainly won by these tactics his most conspicuous victory, Rossbach: but the method itself is in the nature of things, as soon as generals begin to use their brains; it is but one way of bringing superior force to bear on a vital point.

[97] There is a story that Major George Lawrence, then a prisoner, communicated to his brother, and so to the commander-in-chief, the surprise which the Sikh officers had expressed to him at the small use made of the English artillery in previous battles. This may be true, but there is no need to suppose that this influenced the battle of Gujerat: any officer of ordinary judgment would have done at all times what Gough did only in his last battle.

INDEX

• Abbeville, ford of Somme at, [60]
• Acies, order of battle, [30]
• — why necessarily a line, [175]
• — mediæval use of word, [30]
• Afghan war, its cause, [305]
• — failure of, [306]
• Agincourt, battle of, [5], [87] sqq.
• Agmen, order of march, [30], [175]
• Albuera, battle of, [211]
• Aliwal, battle of, [310]
• Alma, battle of, [272]
• Almanza, battle of, [169]
• Almaraz, bridge on Tagus, [223]
• Almeida, fortress on Portuguese frontier, [206], [216]
• — taken by Massena, [207]
• — re-taken by Wellington, [211]
• America, rivalry of England and France in, [179], [183]
• — War of Independence, [194]
• Angus, E. of, before Flodden, [120]
• Arapiles hills at Salamanca, [224]
• Archers, Norman, at Hastings, [25]
• — at Falkirk, [44]
• — at Bannockburn, [48], [49]
• — formation of, for defence, [62]
• — at Crecy, [63]
• — at Poitiers, [76], [77]
• — at Agincourt, [90]
• — at Verneuil, [93]
• — at Towton, [108]
• — at Flodden, [126]
• (See also [Long-bow].)
• Arcot, Clive's defence of, [295]
• Argaum, battle of, [303]
• Armagnac faction in France, [81], [92]
• Armies, standing, begin at end of Middle Ages, [129]
• — — none in England in Civil War, [129]
• — — feeling against, in England, [151]
• — — become necessary, [152]
• Arrivall of King Edward, [113]
• Artillery, developed before hand firearms, [115]
• — long of little use save in sieges, [116]
• — gave supremacy to crown, [116]
• — at siege of Harfleur, [82]
• — — Orleans, [97]
• — — Sebastopol, [286]
• — at Minden, [185]
• Artillery at Alma, [272]
• — at Gujerat, [314]
• — Sikhs strong in, [307]
• — earliest was breechloading, [115]
• Aspern, battle of, [205]
• Assye, battle of, [302]
• Atherton Moor, battle of, [132]
• Auberoche, battle of, [56]
• Auckland, Lord, Governor-General of India, [306]
• Audacity often the best policy:
• — at Oudenarde, [171]
• — at Talavera, [203]
• — at Balaclava, [278]
• — with Orientals, [290], [302]
• Axe, main weapon of English at Hastings, [21]
• Babinet, Col., his memoir on battle of Poitiers, [71n]
• Badajos, position of, [206], [218]
• — surrendered to French, [210]
• — sieges of, [211], [218]
• Baden, Margrave of, in Blenheim campaign, [157]
• Baillie, Scottish general at Marston Moor, [137]
• Baker of Swinbrook, [75n]
• — his account of Bannockburn, [47], [49]
• — — Crecy, [62]
• — — Poitiers, [76]
• Balaclava, flank march to, [274]
• — battle of, [276]
• Balliol, John, K. of Scotland, [41]
• Bannockburn, battle of, [4], [48]
• — consequences of, [50]
• — compared to Crecy, [67]
• Barbour, his life of Bruce, [47]
• Barnard, Gen., at Delhi, [318]
• Barnet, battle of, [111]
• Bastide, [93n]
• Battle Abbey, [23]
• Battles, nature of interest in, [1] sqq.
• — locality of, how determined, [4]
• — mediæval meaning of word, [30n]
• — cannot be understood if isolated, [3]
• — lessons from, [6]
• Bavaria, Elector of, in Blenheim campaign, [157]
• Bayeux tapestry, [20n]
• Bayonet, invention of, [116]
• Bedford, Regent, [92]
• Belgian troops in Wellington's army, [240]
• — at Quatre Bras, [243]
• — at Waterloo, [254]
• Bengal, conquest of, [299]
• Berar, rajah of, [301]
• Beresford, Gen., at Albuera, [211]
• Berkeley, Sir M., at Poitiers, [77]
• Berwick, captured by Edward I., [43]
• — James duke of, [169]
• Black Prince at Crecy, [64]
• — his raid through France, [68]
• — takes position at Poitiers, [70]
• — negotiates for peace, [74]
• — leads final charge in battle, [78]
• — his death, [79]
• Blake, Spanish general at Albuera, [211]
• Blenheim, French position at, [159]
• — scheme of allies for attacking, [161]
• — details of battle, [162]
• — importance of victory, [164]
• Blucher, marshal, in Waterloo campaign, [239]
• — co-operation with Wellington, [245], [249], [263]
• — defeated at Ligny, [246]
• — retreats on Wavre, [247]
• — his personal zeal, [259]
• Bohemia, John K. of, at Crecy, [64]
• Bosquet, Gen., at Inkerman, [283]
• Boulevard, [91n]
• Bretigny, treaty of, [78]
• Britons, conquered by Romans, [9]
• — — by Saxons, [10]
• Broglie, D. of, at Minden, [184]
• Bruce, Robt. K. of Scotland, [46]
• — his tactics at Bannockburn, [47]
• — his exploit before the battle, [48]
• Brunswick, D. of, killed at Quatre Bras, [244]
• Brussels, in Waterloo campaign, [243]
• Bulow, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, [242], [259], [262]
• Burgos, siege of, [227]
• Burgundy, John D. of, murdered, [92]
• — Philip D. of, sides with English, [92]
• — — abandons them, [99]
• — Charles D. of, helps Edward IV., [109]
• — Louis D. of, at Oudenarde, [170]
• Busaco, battle of, [208]
• Cabul, [306]
• Cadogan, Gen., at Oudenarde, [171]
• Calais, siege of, [64]
• — Henry V. marches for, [82]
• Calcutta, Black Hole of, [296]
• Cambuskenneth, battle of, [42]
• Campbell, Sir Colin, at Balaclava, [275]
• — at Chillianwalla, [313]
• — at Gujerat, [314]
• — relieves Lucknow, [316]
• Cannon. See Artillery
• Captal de Buch at Poitiers, [77]
• Cardigan, E. of, at Balaclava, [277]
• Cardinerie, La, on field of Poitiers, [70]
• Cathcart, Gen., killed at Inkerman, [282]
• Cauveripak, Clive's victory at, [296]
• Cavalry, mailed. See [Men-at-Arms]
• — cannot stand on defensive, [73]
• — most important arm in 17th century, [130]
• — at Edgehill, [131]
• — at Marston Moor, [138]
• — at Naseby, [143]
• — element of weakness in line of battle at Blenheim, [160]
• — — at Minden, [185]
• — not properly used after Ligny, [247]
• — French, at Waterloo, [260]
• — Russian, in Crimea not used, [274]
• — English, at Balaclava, [277], [278]
• — Mahratta, [300]
• Challenge to single combat sent by William I., [22]
• — — Henry V., [82]
• — to fight a battle sent to Henry V., [83]
• — — to James IV. of Scotland, [120]
• Chandernagore, [297]
• Charleroi, [242]
• Charles VI. of France, [81], [92]
• Charles I., precipitated civil war, [129]
• — at Edgehill, [131]
• — besieges Gloucester, [132]
• — drives Essex into Cornwall, [140]
• — mismanages Naseby campaign, [142]
• — takes refuge with Scots, [144]
• — executed, [145]
• Charles II. begins standing army, [151]
• Cheriton, battle of, [133]
• Chillianwalla, battle of, [312]
• Chroniclers, mediæval, their weak points, [16], [19], [20n], [32], [47], [72], [113]
• Church supported William the Conqueror, [14]
• Churchill, Gen., at Blenheim, [162]
• Ciudad Rodrigo, position of, [206]
• — sieges of, [207], [216]
• Civil War, peculiar character of, [128]
• — local division of parties in, [130]
• Clausel, Gen., at Salamanca, [226]
• Clifford, Ld., at Towton, [104]
• Clive, Robert, founded English power in India, [295]
• — sent to recover Calcutta, [296]
• — allies secretly with Meer Jaffier, [297]
• — wins Plassy, [299]
• Cnut divided England into earldoms, [11]
• Colborne, Col., at Waterloo, [262]
• Column, definition of, [176]
• — English, at Fontenoy, [181]
• — versus line. See [Line]
• Combination of different arms at Hastings, [25]
• — at Falkirk, [45]
• — at Crecy, [61], [73]
• Conquest, when impossible, [46]
• Contades, marshal, at Minden, [184]
• Coote, Eyre, at Plassy, [297]
• Cornwall, Essex driven into, [140]
• — Rd. Earl of, at Lewes, [31]
• Corunna, battle of, [198]
• Courtrai, battle of, [45]
• Craufurd, Gen. R., marches to Talavera, [202]
• — on the Coa, [206n]
• — at Busaco, [208]
• — killed at Ciudad Rodrigo, [217]
• Crawford, L., parliamentary general, [134]
• Crecy, battle of, [61] sqq.
• — novelty of tactics, [61]
• — an epoch in art of war, [67]
• Cressingham, killed at Cambuskenneth, [42]
• Crevant, battle of, [92]
• Crimean war, state of Europe before, [268]
• — general causes of, [267]
• — material novelties in, [286]
• — results of, [287]
• Cromwell, Oliver, at Edgehill, [130]
• — forms Ironsides, [133]
• — at Marston Moor, [138]
• — urges Self-denying Ordinance, [141]
• — his raid round Oxford, [142]
• — at Naseby, [144]
• — sent to invade Scotland, [145]
• — held in check by Leslie, [145]
• — retreats to Dunbar, [146]
• — wins battle, [149]
• — at Worcester, [150]
• Cross-bow, condemned by Lateran Council, [51n]
• — encouraged by Richard I., [51]
• — no match for long-bow, [63]
• — -men, Genoese, at Crecy, [63]
• Cuesta, Gen., at Talavera, [201]
• Culloden, battle of, [183]
• Cumberland, D. of, at Fontenoy, [181]
• — at Culloden, [183]
• Cutts, Gen., at Blenheim, [162]
• D'Albret, Constable of France, at Agincourt, [89]
• Danes, invade England, [10]
• — mode of fighting of, [10]
• — conquer England under Cnut, [11]
• Daventry, Charles I. at, [143]
• Defences, artificial, at Hastings, [21]
• — — at Poitiers, [74]
• Delhi, mutiny centred at, [317]
• — siege of, formed, [318]
• — storming of, [320]
• D'Erlon, Gen., on day of Quatre Bras, [245]
• — at Waterloo, [258], [261]
• Dettingen, battle of, [181]
• Dhuleep Sing, [311]
• Discipline, definition of, [288]
• Divided command, evils of, at Marston Moor, [135]
• — in War of Spanish Succession, [156]
• — at Oudenarde, [171]
• — at Fontenoy, [181]
• — in Peninsula generally, [215]
• — at Albuera, [211]
• Donauwerth, Marlborough crosses Danube at, [158]
• Dost Mahommed, [306]
• Douro, Wellington forces passage of, [200]
• Duguesclin, Constable of France, [79]
• Dunbar, battle of, [149]
• Dunois, his testimony as to influence of Jeanne d'Arc, [96]
• Dupleix, [295]
• Dutch, troublesome allies to Marlborough, [156], [166]
• Edgehill, battle of, [131]
• Edward the Confessor, death of, [11]
• Edward I. at Lewes, [31]
• — at Evesham, [34], [38]
• — develops long-bow, [51]
• — his relations to Scotland, [40], [41]
• — at Falkirk, [43]
• Edward II. at Bannockburn, [48]
• — defeated by his own fault, [50]
• Edward III., his claims to crown of France, [55]
• — invades Normandy, [58]
• — his haphazard strategy, [59]
• — his novel tactics at Crecy, [61]
• — takes Calais, [64]
• Edward IV. assumes crown, [103]
• — at Towton, [107]
• — overthrown by Warwick, [109]
• — returns from exile, [109]
• — at Barnet, [111]
• — at Tewkesbury, [114]
• Edward, son of Henry VI., his birth, [102]
• — killed at Tewkesbury, [115]
• Edwardes, Lieut., at Mooltan, [311]
• Edwin and Morcar, Earls, [12], [15]
• Elba, Napoleon's return from, [238]
• Ellenborough, Ld., Gov.-General of India, [306]
• Elvas, [206], [218]
• English, characteristics of, as soldiers, [6], [177]
• — their military history specially instructive, [7]
• — a nation earlier than any other people, [7], [55]
• — learned Danish modes of fighting, [10]
• — the long-bow theirs exclusively, [53]
• — had no standing army in Civil War, [129]
• — military reputation low before Marlborough, [154]
• — reasons for their fighting in line, [177]
• — concerned in all European wars of 18th century, [179]
• — armies lose efficiency after Marlborough, [180]
• Essex, E. of, at Edgehill, [131]
• — driven to Cornwall, [140]
• Eugene of Savoy, Marlborough's colleague, [156]
• — at Blenheim, [161]
• — at Oudenarde, [172]
• Evesham, battle of, [36]
• Fairfax, Ld., at Marston Moor, [138]
• Fairfax, Sir T., at Marston Moor, [138]
• — commands New Model, [141]
• — at Naseby, [143]
• Falconbridge, Ld., at Towton, [108]
• Falkirk, Wallace's battle of, [44]
• — Jacobite battle of, [183]
• Fastolfe, Sir J., at battle of the Herrings, [94]
• Feigned flight of Normans at Hastings, [25]
• Ferozeshah, battle of, [309]
• Ferrybridge, [104]
• Feudal nobles preponderant after Hastings, [27], [45]
• — their power broken by pike and long-bow, [6]
• — class pride of, ruinous at Crecy, [63]
• — — at Agincourt, [89]
• Flanders, ally of Edward III., [56]
• Flank march at Busaco, [209]
• — to Balaclava, [274]
• Flodden, battle of, [5], [123] sqq.
• — last victory of bow, [127]
• Fontenoy, battle of, [181]
• Formigny, battle of, [99]
• France, contrasted with England in 14th century, [55]
• — made a nation by Hundred Years' War, [99]
• — state of, under Charles VI., [81]
• — her military supremacy broken at Blenheim, [164]
• — why hostile to England throughout 18th century, [179]
• — rival of England for domination in India, [295]
• Freeman, Professor, on Hastings, [20], [21]
• Froissart as an authority, [75]
• Fuentes d'Onoro, battle of, [210]
• Fulford, battle of, [15]
• Geography, how it influences the course of a war, [4]
• George II. at Oudenarde, [171]
• — at Dettingen, [181]
• Gérard, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, [249]
• Glansdale, Sir W., at siege of Orleans, [97]
• Gloucester, siege of, [132]
• — E. of, at Lewes, [31]
• — — at Evesham, [36]
• Gneisenau, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, [249]
• Golab Sing in Punjab, [310]
• Goring, royalist general at Marston Moor, [138]
• Gortschakoff, prince, in Crimea, [280], [287]
• Gough, Sir H., at Moodkee, [308]
• — at Ferozeshah, [309]
• — at Sobraon, [310]
• — at Ramnugur, [312]
• — at Chillianwalla, [313]
• — at Gujerat, [314]
• Graham, Gen., in Vittoria campaign, [231]
• Grouchy, marshal, detached to pursue Blucher, [247]
• — will not "march to the cannon," [249]
• — could he have saved Waterloo? [250]
• — retreats successfully into France, [251]
• Guienne, never French before Edward III., [55]
• — becomes French in feelings, [79]
• Gujerat, battle of, [314]
• Gunpowder came slowly into use, [115]
• — political effects of, [117]
• (See [Artillery] and [Musket].)
• Gyrth, Harold's brother, killed at Hastings, [24]
• Halidon Hill, battle of, [118]
• Hamley, Sir E., on battle of the Alma, [273]
• — — Balaclava, [279]
• — — Inkerman, [284]
• Hanoverian troops at Fontenoy, [181]
• — at Minden, [185]
• Hardinge, Sir H., Gov.-Gen. of India, [307]
• — at Ferozeshah, [308]
• Harfleur, siege of, [82]
• Harold Hardrada invades England, [15]
• — killed at Stamford bridge, [16]
• Harold, king, election of, [12]
• — story of his oath, [13n]
• — his measures for defence, [14]
• — goes north to fight Northmen, [15]
• — at Stamford bridge, [16]
• — rapidity of his return, [18]
• — urged not to face the Normans in person, [19]
• — chooses position at Hastings, [21]
• — killed in battle, [26]
• — his burial, [26]
• Hastings, battle of, [20] sqq.
• — authorities for, [19], [20]
• — important consequences of, [27]
• Havelock, Sir H., relieves Lucknow, [316]
• Haye Sainte, La, on field of Waterloo, [255], [261]
• Henry III., un-English, [28]
• — defeated at Lewes, [32]
• — in Montfort's hands, [33]
• — at Evesham, [35]
• Henry V., his claim to the French crown, [80]
• — invades France, [81]
• — besieges Harfleur, [82]
• — marches for Calais, [83]
• — intercepted at Agincourt, [86]
• — his tactics, [90]
• — recognized as heir of France, [92]
• — his death, [92]
• Herat, siege of, [306]
• Herrings, battle of the, [94]
• Herse, formation of archers, [62]
• Highlanders at Flodden, [126]
• — in Jacobite rebellion, [183]
• (See[ Regiments].)
• Hill, Gen., in Peninsular war, [202], [208], [223], [227]
• Holkar, [301], [304]
• Homildon, battle of, [119]
• Hougomont, on field of Waterloo, [253], [256], [257]
• Housecarls, [11], [16], [23]
• Hull, held for Parliament, [132]
• Hyder Ali, [299]
• India, conquered largely with native soldiers, [289]
• — France and England rivals in, [295]
• — English power becomes supreme in, [304]
• — — in, shaken by Ferozeshah, [308]
• — — in, strengthened by mutiny, [321]
• Inferior races, [288]
• Information, danger of faulty, at Blenheim, [159]
• — — at Busaco, [209]
• — — in Waterloo campaign, [243], [247]
• Inglis, Col., at Lucknow, [316]
• Inkerman, battle of, [280]
• Ironsides, Cromwell's, [153]
• Jacobite rebellion of 1745, [182]
• James IV. of Scotland makes war on England unprovoked, [119]
• — mismanages invasion, [120]
• — accepts Surrey's challenge, [120]
• — killed at Flodden, [127]
• Jeanne d'Arc, her influence and character, [95]
• — relieves Orleans, [96]
• — her fate, [98]
• Jena, battle of, [2]
• John, K. of France, collects army to fight Black Prince, [68]
• — movements of, to Poitiers, [69]
• — wastes his chances of success, [73]
• — taken prisoner in the battle, [78]
• Joseph Buonaparte made king of Spain, [197]
• — at Talavera, [202]
• — cannot control French marshals, [215n]
• — abandons Madrid, [227]
• — returns, [227]
• — finally quits Madrid, [228]
• — at Vittoria, [231]
• Jourdan, marshal, at Talavera, [202]
• — at Vittoria, [231]
• Kenilworth captured by prince Edward, [34]
• "King's Cabinet Opened," after Naseby, [144]
• Knights. See [Men-at-arms]
• Lake, Gen., in Mahratta war, [303]
• Lambert, Gen., at Dunbar, [146]
• Lancaster, D. of, in Poitiers campaign, [68]
• Landen, battle of, [154]
• Laswaree, battle of, [304]
• Lawrence, Sir H., Resident in Punjab, [311]
• — at Lucknow, [316]
• Lawrence, Sir J., Resident in Punjab, [315]
• — sends troops to Delhi, [319]
• Leicester, taken by Charles I., [142]
• — E. of. See [Montfort]
• Leslie, D., at Marston Moor, [137]
• — in Dunbar campaign, [145]
• Leven, E. of, at Marston Moor, [138]
• Lewes, battle of, [31]
• Ligny, battle of, [245]
• Lille, siege of, [172]
• Line, the natural order of battle, [175]
• — development of column out of, [176]
• — superiority of line over column, [176]
• — depends on troops, [177]
• — habitually used by English, [178]
• — its advantage shown at Minden, [185]
• — — Talavera, [203]
• — — Busaco, [208]
• — — Albuera, [212]
• — — Waterloo, [262]
• — — Alma, [272]
• — — Inkerman, [284]
• Lines, fortified, why of little use, [165]
• — — in Netherlands 1705, [165]
• — — at Stollhofen, [169]
• — — at Torres Vedras, [200]
• Lisbon, English base in Peninsular war, [199]
• — panic at, [207]
• Littler, Sir J., in Sikh war, [308], [309]
• Locality of battles, how determined, [4]
• Loire river, Black Prince tried to cross, [69]
• — boundary of English power after Henry V., [93]
• Long-bow, development of, obscure, [51]
• — power and range of, [52]
• — exclusively English, [53]
• — compared to musket, [117]
• — mode of using [52]
• (See also [Archers].)
• Louis XIV. provoked England to war, [154]
• — offers peace 1706, [169]
• — offers peace 1709, [173]
• Lucan, E. of, in Crimea, [278]
• Lucknow, relief of, [316]
• MacMunn, Lieut., in Burma, [291]
• Madras attacked by Dupleix, [295]
• — Clive sent from, to recover Bengal, [296]
• Madrid occupied by Napoleon, [198]
• — entered by Wellington, [227]
• — abandoned again, [227]
• — evacuated by French, [228]
• Mahrattas, rise of their power, [300]
• — make war on British, [301]
• — their power broken by Assye, [304]
• Maida, battle of, [205]
• Maitland, Gen., at Waterloo, [261]
• Malakoff tower at Sebastopol, [285]
• Malplaquet, battle of, [174]
• Manchester, E. of, in Civil War, [133], [141]
• Marengo, battle of, [3]
• Margaret of Anjou, soul of Lancastrian party, [101]
• — at Wakefield, [103]
• — lands at Weymouth, [112]
• Marlborough, D. of, real head of coalition against Louis XIV., [154]
• — his character, [155]
• — compared to Wellington, [155]
• — his plan of campaign for 1704, [156]
• — marches to the Danube, [157]
• — storms Schellenberg, [158]
• — ravages Bavaria, [158]
• — wins Blenheim, [163]
• — inactive in 1705, [166]
• — wins Ramillies, [168]
• — wins Oudenarde, [172]
• — covers siege of Lille, [172]
• — wins Malplaquet, [174]
• Marmion, quotations from, [124], [126]
• Marmont, marshal, supersedes Massena, [210]
• — retreats behind Douro, [223]
• — out-manœuvres Wellington, [224]
• — his false tactics at Salamanca, [225]
• — wounded, [226]
• Marsin, marshal, commands French army in Bavaria, [155]
• — joined by Tallard, [158]
• — his position at Blenheim, [159]
• Marston Moor, battle of, [137]
• — importance of results of, [139]
• Massena, marshal, given command in Spain, [205]
• — takes Ciudad Rodrigo, [207]
• — invades Portugal, [207]
• — at Busaco, [208]
• — before Torres Vedras, [209]
• — retreats, [210]
• — at Fuentes d'Onoro, [210]
• Maupertuis, on field of Poitiers, [70]
• Meer Jaffier at Plassy, [298]
• Meerut, mutiny began at, [317]
• Men-at-arms at Hastings, [25]
• — thenceforward deemed sole strength of armies, [27]
• — failed to break Scottish spears, [44]
• — Wallace set example of successfully resisting, [45]
• — at Bannockburn, [49]
• — at Crecy, English dismount for defence, [61]
• — at Crecy, French routed by archers, [64]
• — at Poitiers, French dismount for attack, [72]
• — madness of this method, [73]
• — at Agincourt, [90]
• — at battle of the Herrings, [94]
• Menschikoff, prince, commands in Crimea, [270]
• — his mistake at the Alma, [271]
• — moves out of Sebastopol, [273]
• — his faulty scheme for Inkerman, [280]
• Minden, battle of, [184]
• Mogul Empire, decaying, [296]
• — under Sindia's influence, [300]
• — falls under British control, [304]
• — restoration proclaimed in Mutiny, [317]
• Montagu, M. of, killed at Barnet, [112]
• Montcalm, Gen., at Quebec, [189]
• his arrangements for defence, [189]
• — mortally wounded, [193]
• Montfort, Simon, E. of Leicester, leader in Barons' war, [29]
• — his carriage, [30]
• — rules England, [33]
• — deserted by many of his party, [34]
• — marches for Kenilworth, [34]
• — intercepted at Evesham, [36]
• — his death, [38]
• Montrose, M. of, his campaigns in Scotland, [142], [144]
• Moodkee, battle of, [308]
• Mooltan, siege of, [311]
• Moore, Sir J., in Peninsular war, [198]
• Mortimer's Cross, battle of, [103]
• Moselle, Marlborough's campaign on, [165]
• Musket, long a clumsy weapon, [116]
• — compared to long-bow, [117]
• Mutiny, Indian, general character of, [315]
• — Delhi head-quarters of, [318]
• — end of, [321]
• Napoleon invades Spain, [198]
• — withdraws troops for Russian war, [214]
• — defeated in Russia, [228]
• — overthrown, [234]
• — returns from Elba, [238]
• — his plan for Waterloo campaign, [241]
• — at Ligny, [245]
• — amount of his success so far, [246]
• — sends Grouchy after Prussians, [247]
• — follows Wellington to Waterloo, [247]
• — Grouchy's absence from Waterloo due to his orders, [146]
• — never expected Prussians to join Wellington, [251]
• — delays beginning battle, [257]
• — his attention diverted to Bulow, [260]
• Napoleon III., why willing to join in Crimean war, [268]
• — his views as to siege of Sebastopol overruled, [286]
• Naseby, battle of, [143]
• National coherence a great source of military strength, [55]
• — enmities not necessarily permanent, [2]
• Nesle, Henry V. crosses Somme at, [83]
• Nevil's Cross, battle of, [118]
• New Model army, [141]
• Newbury, first battle of, [133]
• — second battle of, [140]
• Newcastle, M. of, besieged in York, [134]
• — at Marston Moor, [137]
• Ney, marshal, at Busaco, [208]
• — at Quatre Bras, [243]
• — at Waterloo, [260]
• Nicholson, Gen., killed at Delhi, [320]
• Norfolk, D. of, at Towton, [108]
• Normandy, Wm. D. of. See [William I.]
• — John, D. of, at Poitiers, [76]
• — Edward III. invades, [59]
• — Henry V. marches through, [83]
• — — conquers, [92]
• Norman conquest, effects of, [27]
• Northampton, battle of, [103]
• Northmen, at Stamford bridge, [15]
• — importance of their defeat, [16]
• Nottingham, Charles I. raises standard at, [131]
• Numbers engaged at Agincourt, [88]
• — Albuera, [211]
• — Alma, [270]
• — Barnet, [110]
• — Blenheim, [163]
• — Crecy, [61]
• — Flodden, [120]
• — Inkerman, [281], [283]
• — Marston Moor, [137]
• — Minden, [184]
• — Naseby, [143]
• — Plassy, [297]
• — Poitiers, [75]
• — Quebec, [192]
• — Salamanca, [226]
• — Talavera, [204]
• — Towton, [107n]
• — in Waterloo campaign, [240]
• — at Waterloo, [254]
• Oblique order, [312n]
• Oporto, passage of Douro at, [200]
• Orleans, "key of the south," [93]
• — siege of, [94]
• — D. of, at Poitiers, [77]
• — D. of, Regent, [180]
• Oudenarde, battle of, [172]
• Outram, Gen., relieves Lucknow, [316]
• Oxford, head-quarters of Charles I., [132]
• — siege of, [142]
• — E. of, at Poitiers, [77]
• — E. of, at Barnet, [111]
• Pakenham, Gen., at Salamanca, [225]
• Parkman's History of Montcalm and Wolfe, [193]
• Patay, battle of, [99]
• Peishwa, the, [301]
• Pelissier, marshal, at siege of Sebastopol, [286]
• Peninsular war, general character of, [200]
• Pennefather, Gen., at Inkerman, [281]
• Périgord, cardinal of, mediates at Poitiers, [74]
• Phalanx, Macedonian, [45]
• Philip VI. of France provokes Edward III. to war, [54]
• — cannot control nobles at Crecy, [63]
• — his death, [67]
• Picton, Gen., at storm of Badajos, [218]
• — killed at Waterloo, [259]
• Pikemen developed on continent, [6], [117]
• — essential support to musketeers, [116]
• — superseded by invention of bayonet, [116]
• — used by Wallace, [45]
• Pirch, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, [242], [261]
• Planchenoit, on field of Waterloo, [260], [262]
• Plassy, battle of, [298]
• Plymouth held for Parliament, [132]
• Point Levi, opposite Quebec, [190]
• Poitiers, topography of battle-field, [71]
• — battle of, [76] sqq.
• Ponsonby, Gen., at Waterloo, [259]
• Porto Novo, battle of, [297]
• Portugal, relations of, to England, [199]
• — topography of, [206]
• — misconduct of government of, [209], [214]
• Portuguese troops organized by Wellington, [207]
• — at Busaco, [209]
• — at Albuera, [212]
• Positions of armies described, at Agincourt, [88]
• — Albuera, [211]
• — Alma, [271]
• — Bannockburn, [47]
• — Blenheim, [159]
• — Busaco, [208]
• — Crecy, [61]
• — Dunbar, [146]
• — Falkirk, [43]
• — Ferozeshah, [308]
• — Flodden, [125]
• — Hastings, [21]
• — Ligny, [244]
• — Minden, [184]
• — Plassy, [298]
• — Poitiers, [72]
• — Ramillies, [167]
• — Salamanca, [225]
• — Talavera, [201]
• — Vittoria, [232]
• — Waterloo, [253]
• Preston Pans, battle of, [183]
• Prussia, hostile to France since Jena, [2]
• Prussian army in Belgium, [239]
• — its numbers, [240]
• — its position on frontier, [240]
• (See [Blucher].)
• Pyrenees, battles in, [234]
• Quatre Bras, battle of, [243]
• Quebec, siege of, [189]
• — importance of its capture, [193]
• Raglan, Ld., at the Alma, [272]
• — at Balaclava, [277]
• — death of, [286]
• Railway made in Crimea, [286]
• Ramillies, battle of, [168]
• Ramnugur, battle of, [312]
• Range of long-bow, [52]
• — of musket, [117]
• Redan in siege of Sebastopol, [286]
• Regiments of English army:
• — Coldstream Guards, [152]
• — under Marlborough, [152]
• — Guards at Talavera, [203]
• — — at Waterloo, [261]
• — cavalry, Union brigade at Waterloo, [259]
• — cavalry, 23rd light dragoons at Talavera, [203]
• — — heavy brigade at Balaclava, [277]
• — — light brigade at Balaclava, [278]
• — — 19th light dragoons at Assye, [302]
• — infantry, 12th, 20th, 23rd, 25th, 37th, 51st at Minden, [186]
• — — 48th at Talavera, [203]
• — — march of Craufurd's brigade, [204]
• — — 7th, 23rd at Albuera, [212]
• — — 43rd, 52nd at Ciudad Rodrigo, [217]
• — — position of all at Waterloo, [255]
• — — 52nd deals final blow, [262]
• — — 93rd at Balaclava, [276]
• — — 39th at Plassy, [298]
• — — 74th, 78th at Assye, [302]
• — — 32nd at Lucknow, [316]
• Reille, Gen., at Quatre Bras, [243]
• — at Waterloo, [258]
• Reserve at Lewes doubtful, [30]
• — at Crecy not wanted, [64]
• — at Poitiers, [76]
• — at Flodden, value of, [126]
• Richmond, duchess of, her ball at Brussels, [243]
• Rifle, invention of, [267]
• — effect at Inkerman, [282]
• River in rear of defeated troops at Lewes, [32]
• — Evesham, [38]
• — Towton, [108]
• — Tewkesbury, [113]
• — Blenheim, [163]
• — Sobraon, [310]
• — obstacle to counter attack at Dunbar, [149]
• — — Ramillies, [168]
• Robin Hood's feats an anachronism, [51]
• Romans, their conquest of Britain, [9]
• — defeat phalanx, [45]
• Romorantin taken by Black Prince, [69]
• Royalists, their advantages at outset of civil war, [129]
• — where predominant, [131]
• Runjeet Sing develops Sikh power, [305]
• — his death, [307]
• Rupert, prince, compared to Edward I. at Lewes, [33]
• — at Edgehill, [131]
• — relieves York, [134]
• — at Marston Moor, [137]
• — at Naseby, [143]
• Russia, Napoleon's invasion of, [228]
• — too far off to help in Waterloo campaign, [239]
• — picks quarrel with Turkey, [268]
• — exhausted by Crimean war, [287]
• Sackville, Ld. G., at Minden, [185]
• S. Albans, battle of, [103]
• S. Lawrence, river, [189]
• S. Sebastian, storming of, [234]
• Salamanca, battle of, [225]
• Salisbury, E. of, at Poitiers, [76]
• — E. of, killed at Orleans, [94]
• — E. of, killed at Wakefield, [103]
• Sambre, river, [242]
• Santarem, Massena retreats to, [209]
• Scarlett, Gen., at Balaclava, [276]
• Schellenberg, stormed by Marlborough, [158]
• Schiltrons, [44]
• Scotland, question of succession to, [40]
• — its previous relations to England, [40]
• — won its independence, [50]
• — permanently hostile to England, [118]
• — suffers repeated defeats, [118]
• — helps Parliament in civil war, [133]
• — takes up cause of Charles II., [145]
• — subjugated by Cromwell, [151]
• Sea, value of command of, in war, to Edward III., [59]
• — to Marlborough, [173]
• — at Quebec, [190]
• — in Peninsula, [199], [228]
• — in Crimea, [269], [288]
• Sebastopol, siege of, its unique character, [274], [287]
• Seine, river, Edward III.'s difficulty in crossing, [60]
• Self-denying Ordinance, [141]
• Sepoys, of all Indian races, [289]
• — their belief in English officers, [290]
• — English won India through, [295]
• — mutiny of, [315]
• Shakespeare on Agincourt, [85]
• Sherbrooke, Gen., at Talavera, [201]
• Siege, transition from mediæval to modern type of, [97]
• — of Sebastopol, last of the Vauban period, [274]
• Sikhs, rise of their power, [305]
• — virtual anarchy among, [307]
• — betrayed by own leaders in first war, [309]
• — provoke second war, [311]
• — become subjects of the East India Company, [315]
• Sindia, (1) ambitious schemes of, [300]
• — (2) provokes war with English in Assye campaign, [301]
• — (3) stands by English in Mutiny, [315]
• Smith, Sir H., at Aliwal, [310]
• Snorro Sturleson, his saga of Stamford bridge, [16]
• Snow during battle of Towton, [108]
• Sobraon, battle of, [310]
• Somerset, D. of, at Towton, [104]
• — D. of, at Barnet, [111]
• — D. of, at Tewkesbury, [114]
• Souham, Gen., [227]
• Soult, marshal, driven from Oporto, [200]
• — forces Wellington to retire after Talavera, [205]
• — takes Badajos, [210]
• — at Albuera, [211]
• — evacuates Andalusia, [227]
• — in command after Vittoria, [234]
• Spain favourable to French claimant, [155], [173]
• — invaded by Napoleon, [197]
• — character of resistance in, [198]
• — government of, incompetent, [199]
• — geography of, [199]
• — French driven out of, [234]
• Squares, natural formation against cavalry in days of musket, [176]
• — at Waterloo, [260]
• — unnecessary with rifle, [276]
• Stakes as defence for archers first used by Henry V., [87]
• Stamford bridge, battle of, [16]
• Standard, Harold's, at Hastings, [23]
• — Montfort's, at Lewes, [30]
• Standing armies. See [Armies]
• Stanley, Sir E., at Flodden, [126]
• Steamers in Crimean war, [270]
• Steinkirk, battle of, [154]
• Stirling, importance of its position, [42]
• — siege by Bruce, [46]
• Stow-on-the-Wold, battle of, [144]
• Strategy, definition of, [4]
• — little understood in middle ages, [69]
• — of Surrey before Flodden, [124]
• Suffolk, E. of, at Orleans, [94]
• Supplies, when regularly furnished to armies, [152]
• — Marlborough careful about, [158]
• — to Wellington in Peninsula by sea, [199], [228]
• — Wellington anxious about, before Waterloo, [241]
• Surajah Dowlah takes Calcutta, [296]
• — defeated at Plassy, [299]
• Surrey, E. of, at Flodden, [120] sqq.
• Sybil's Well, [123]
• Tactics, bearing on history of changes in, [6]
• — novel, Wallace's, at Falkirk, [43]
• — — Edward III.'s at Crecy, [61]
• — of French at Poitiers disastrous, [73]
• — — repeated at Agincourt, [88]
• Tagus, river, [201], [206], [223]
• Talavera, battle of, [202]
• Tallard, marshal, enters Bavaria, [158]
• — faults of his position at Blenheim, [160]
• — taken prisoner, [163]
• Tej Sing at Ferozeshah, [309]
• — at Sobraon, [310]
• Tewkesbury, battle of, [4], [114]
• Thermopylæ, battle of, [6]
• Thielemann, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, [149]
• Thomière, Gen., at Salamanca, [225]
• Todleben, Gen., at Sebastopol, [274], [285]
• Torres Vedras, lines of, [200], [209]
• Tostig, killed at Stamford bridge, [16]
• Toulouse, battle of, [234]
• Tournelles at Orleans, [93]
• Towton, battle of, [107]
• Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, [183]
• — Bassein, [301]
• Treaty of Bretigny, [78]
• — Troyes, [92]
• — Utrecht, [179]
• Troyes, treaty of, [92]
• Turenne, [164]
• Utrecht, treaty of, [179]
• Vauban, [164]
• Vendôme, marshal, at Oudenarde, [170]
• Verneuil, battle of, [93]
• Victor, marshal, at Talavera, [202]
• Villars, marshal, on the Moselle, [165]
• — at Malplaquet, [173]
• Villeroi, marshal, Marlborough forces his lines, [165]
• — at Ramillies, [167]
• Vimiero, battle of, [198]
• Vittoria, battle of, [232]
• Wakefield, battle of, [103]
• Walcheren expedition, [210n]
• Wallace, Sir W., at Cambuskenneth, [42]
• — at Falkirk, [43]
• — novelty of his tactics, [44]
• Waller, Sir W., in civil war, [133], [140]
• Walpole, his peace policy, [180]
• Waterloo, campaign of:
• — Napoleon's general plan for, [241]
• — allies must wait attack, [240]
• — co-operation of Wellington and Blucher in, [249]
• — success attained by Napoleon at outset of, [246]
• Waterloo, battle of:
• — topography, [253]
• — Wellington's position, [254]
• — tactical errors of French, [258], [260]
• — Prussian aid essential part of, [257]
• — completeness of victory, [262]
• Wars, general character of Barons', [33]
• — Scottish Independence, [46]
• — Hundred Years', [79], [99]
• — Roses, [102]
• — Civil, [128]
• — American Independence, [194]
• — Peninsular, [200]
• Warwick, E. of, at Poitiers, [76]
• — E. of, his great power, [103]
• — at Towton, [107]
• — quarrels with Edward IV., [109]
• — at Barnet, [111]
• — his death, [112]
• Washington, Gen., [194]
• Wavre, in Waterloo campaign, [247], [251]
• Webb, Gen., at Wynendael, [173n]
• Wellesley, M., Gov.-Gen. of India, [299]
• Wellington, D. of, in Assye campaign, [299]
• — his plans in Peninsula, [200]
• — invades Spain up Tagus, [201]
• — at Talavera, [202]
• — retreats into Portugal, [205]
• — makes lines of Torres Vedras, [207]
• — retreats before Massena, [207]
• — at Busaco, [208]
• — follows Massena to Almeida, [210]
• — on the defensive in 1811, [214]
• — takes Ciudad Rodrigo, [217]
• — takes Badajos, [220]
• — invades Spain by Douro, [223]
• — at Salamanca, [225]
• — enters Madrid, [227]
• — fails to take Burgos, [227]
• — in Vittoria campaign, [228]
• — commands in Belgium, [239]
• — his position behind the frontier, [240]
• — is slow to concentrate, [243]
• — at Quatre Bras, [244]
• — retreats on Waterloo, [247]
• — in concert with Blucher, [249]
• — his anxiety about Prussian aid, [252]
• — supposed night-ride to Wavre, [253]
• — leaves a large force at Hal, [252]
• — his position at Waterloo, [253]
• — omits to occupy La Haye Sainte properly, [255]
• — in no hurry to use his reserves, [261]
• Weymouth, Q. Margaret lands at, [112]
• Whish, Gen., at Mooltan, [311]
• Whitecoats at Marston Moor, [137]
• William I., his claim to English crown, [12]
• — allied with the Church, [14]
• William I., his preparations, [14]
• — lands at Pevensey, [17]
• — his tactics at Hastings, [25]
• — reigned well, [27]
• William III. brought England into continental wars, [153]
• Willoughby, Lt., at Delhi, [317]
• Wilson, Sir A., at Delhi, [319]
• Wolfe, Gen., at Quebec, [186]
• — helped by command of sea, [190]
• — his death, [193]
• Worcester, first skirmish of civil war at, [131]
• — battle of, [150]
• — Bp. of, at Lewes, [29]
• — Bp. of, at Evesham, [37]
• Wynendael, battle of, [173]
• York, capture of, by Northmen, [15]
• — siege of, [134]
• — D. of, killed at Agincourt, [91]
• — D. of, claims crown against Henry VI., [102]
• — D. of, killed at Wakefield, [103]
• Ziethen, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, [242], [261]

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