| R | Thalictrum flavum | ||
| A | Ranunculus aquatilis | ||
| R | Ranunculus hederaceus | ||
| R | Ranunculus flammula | ||
| Ranunculus ficaria | |||
| R | Ranunculus sceleratus VI | ++ | Var. |
| Ranunculus acris | |||
| Ranunculus repens XII | ++ | Var. | |
| R | Caltha palustris | + | |
| Berberis vulgaris | |||
| A | Nymphæa alba | ||
| A | Nuphar luteum | ||
| Papaver rhœas | |||
| Papaver dubium | |||
| Chelidonium majus | |||
| Rœmeria hybrida | |||
| M | Glaucium luteum | ||
| Barbarea vulgaris | |||
| R | Nasturtium officinale | ||
| R | Nasturtium sylvestre | ||
| R | Nasturtium amphibium | ||
| Arabis hirsuta | |||
| Arabis thaliana | |||
| R | Cardamine pratensis | ||
| Cardamine hirsuta | |||
| Alliaria officinalis | |||
| Brassica campestris | |||
| Brassica alba | |||
| M | Cochlearia officinalis | ||
| M | Alyssum maritimum | ||
| Draba verna | |||
| Thlaspi arvense | |||
| Capsella bursa pastoris | |||
| M | Cakile maritima | + | |
| M | Crambe maritima | + | |
| M | Raphanus maritimus | + | |
| Reseda luteola | |||
| Helianthemum vulgare | |||
| R | Viola palustris | ||
| Viola canina | |||
| Viola tricolor | |||
| Polygala vulgaris | |||
| Silene cucubalus | |||
| M | Silene maritima | ||
| Lychnis diurna | |||
| Sagina procumbens | |||
| M | Arenaria peploides (Honckeneya) XII | ++ | |
| Mœnchia erecta | |||
| Cerastium vulgatum | |||
| R | Stellaria aquatica | ||
| Stellaria media | |||
| Stellaria graminea | |||
| Stellaria holostea | |||
| Spergularia rubra | |||
| M | Spergularia marina | ||
| Spergula arvensis | |||
| R | Montia fontana | ||
| R | Elatine hydropiper | ||
| Hypericum perforatum | |||
| Hypericum quadrangulum | |||
| R | Hypericum elodes | ||
| Linum usitatissimum | |||
| Linum angustifolium | |||
| Malva rotundifolia | |||
| Malva sylvestris | |||
| Oxalis acetosella | |||
| Oxalis corniculata | |||
| Impatiens parviflora | |||
| R | Impatiens fulva VI | ++ | |
| Acer campestre | |||
| Ilex aquifolium | |||
| Euonymus europæus | + | ||
| Ulex europæus | |||
| Cytisus scoparius | |||
| Ononis arvensis | |||
| nbsp; | Medicago lupulina | ||
| Medicago denticulata | |||
| Trifolium incarnatum | |||
| Lotus corniculatus | |||
| Anthyllis vulneraria | |||
| Vicia sativa | |||
| Lathyrus pratensis | |||
| M | Lathyrus maritimus | ++ | |
| R | Spiræa ulmaria | + | |
| Fragaria vesca | |||
| Potentilla tormentilla | |||
| Potentilla sp. | |||
| R | Potentilla comarum XII | ++ | |
| Alchemilla arvensis | |||
| Rosa arvensis | |||
| Cratægus oxyacantha | + | ||
| R | Epilobium hirsutum | ||
| Epilobium parviflorum | |||
| R | Lythrum salicaria | ||
| R | Peplis portula | ||
| Bryonia dioica | |||
| Cotyledon umbilicus | |||
| Saxifraga granulata | |||
| Saxifraga tridactylites | |||
| R | Chrysosplenium alternifolium | ||
| R | Chrysosplenium oppositifolium | ||
| Drosera rotundifolia | + | ||
| A | Myriophyllum spicatum | ||
| A | Myriophyllum alternifolium | ||
| R | Hydrocotyle vulgaris XII | ++ | |
| M | Eryngium maritimum | ++ | |
| R | Cicuta virosa | ||
| R | Apium graveolens | ||
| R | Apium nodiflorum | ||
| R | Apium inundatum | ||
| R | Sium latifolium | ++ | |
| R | Sium angustifolium | ++ | |
| R | Œnanthe crocata VI | ++ | |
| R | Œnanthe phellandrium | + | |
| Æthusa cynapium | |||
| M | Crithmum maritimum | ++ | |
| R | Angelica sylvestris XII | ++ | |
| R | Peucedanum palustre | ++ | |
| Pastinaca sativa | |||
| Chærophyllum sylvestre | |||
| Smyrnium olusatrum | |||
| Hedera helix | |||
| Viscum album | |||
| Sambucus nigra | |||
| R | Galium palustre VI | ++ | |
| Galium mollugo | |||
| Galium aparine | |||
| Centranthus ruber | |||
| Valerianella olitoria | |||
| Eupatorium cannabinum | |||
| M | Aster tripolium | ||
| R | Bidens cernua VI | ++ | |
| R | Bidens tripartita VI | ++ | |
| Chrysanthemum segetum | |||
| Chrysanthemum leucanthemum | |||
| Matricaria inodora | |||
| M | Matricaria inodora, var. maritima | ++ | |
| Matricaria chamomilla | |||
| Achillea millefolium | |||
| Artemisia vulgaris | |||
| Artemisia absinthium | |||
| Tussilago farfara | |||
| Tussilago petasites | |||
| Senecio vulgaris | |||
| R | Senecio aquaticus | ||
| R | Senecio palustris | ||
| Carduus nutans | |||
| Carduus lanceolatus | |||
| R | Carduus palustris | ||
| Carduus arvensis | |||
| Tragopogon pratensis | |||
| Tragopogon porrifolius | |||
| Tragopogon echioides | |||
| Leontodon autumnalis | |||
| Sonchus oleraceus | |||
| Taraxacum dens leonis | |||
| Crepis virens | |||
| Crepis fœtida | |||
| Lapsana communis | |||
| A | Lobelia Dortmanna | ||
| R | Hottonia palustris | ||
| R | Lysimachia vulgaris | + | |
| R | Lysimachia thyrsiflora | + | |
| M | Glaux maritima | ||
| Anagallis arvensis | |||
| M | Samolus valerandi | ||
| Pinguicula lusitanica | |||
| Ligustrum vulgare | |||
| R | Menyanthes trifoliata | ++ | |
| R | Limnanthemum nymphæoides | + | |
| Convolvulus arvensis | |||
| Convolvulus sepium XII | ++ | ||
| M | Convolvulus soldanella XII | ++ | |
| Cuscuta europæa | |||
| Lithospermum officinale | |||
| R | Myosotis palustris | ||
| Myosotis arvensis | |||
| Myosotis versicolor | |||
| Lycopsis arvensis | |||
| Symphytum officinale | |||
| Borago officinalis | |||
| Datura stramonium | |||
| Solanum dulcamara | |||
| Solanum nigrum | |||
| Linaria vulgaris | |||
| Linaria cymbalaria | |||
| Scrophularia nodosa | |||
| R | Scrophularia aquatica | ||
| R | Veronica anagallis | ||
| R | Veronica beccabunga | ||
| Veronica agrestis | |||
| Veronica arvensis | |||
| Bartsia odontites | |||
| Rhinanthus crista galli VI | ++ | Var. | |
| R | Pedicularis palustris | ++ | |
| Salvia verbenaca | |||
| R | Lycopus europæus XII | ++ | |
| R | Mentha aquatica VI | ++ | |
| Thymus sp. | |||
| Calamintha officinalis | |||
| Nepeta glechoma | |||
| Nepeta cataria | |||
| Prunella vulgaris | |||
| R | Scutellaria galericulata XII | ++ | |
| Stachys betonica | |||
| Stachys sylvatica | |||
| R | Stachys palustris | ++ | |
| Stachys arvensis | |||
| Galeopsis tetrahit | |||
| Ballota nigra | |||
| Lamium purpureum | |||
| Lamium album | |||
| Lamium galeobdolon | |||
| Teucrium scorodonia | |||
| Ajuga reptans | |||
| Verbena officinalis | |||
| M | Armeria vulgaris | ||
| Plantago major | |||
| Plantago media | |||
| Plantago lanceolata | |||
| M | Plantago maritima | ||
| M | Salicornia herbacea | ||
| M | Salsola kali | + | |
| M | Suæda fruticosa | ||
| M | Suæda maritima | ||
| Chenopodium album | |||
| M | Beta maritima | ||
| Atriplex patula VI | ++ | ||
| R | Rumex aquaticus | + | |
| Rumex crispus | ++ | ||
| Rumex obtusifolius | |||
| R | Rumex hydrolapathum XII | ++ | |
| R | Rumex conglomeratus XII | ++ | |
| Polygonum aviculare | |||
| M | Polygonum maritimum | ||
| Polygonum convolvulus | |||
| R | Polygonum amphibium | ||
| R | Polygonum persicaria | ||
| Polygonum lapathifolium | |||
| R | Polygonum hydropiper | ||
| Euphorbia helioscopia | |||
| Euphorbia segetalis | |||
| M | Euphorbia paralias | ++ | |
| Euphorbia peplus (?) | |||
| Euphorbia amygdaloides | |||
| A | Ceratophyllum demersum | ||
| A | Callitriche aquatica | ||
| Urtica dioica | |||
| Ulmus campestris | |||
| R | Alnus glutinosa XII | ++ | |
| Betula alba | |||
| Corylus avellana | + | ||
| Quercus robur | + | ||
| Pinus sylvestris | + | ||
| Taxus baccata | |||
| R | Typha latifolia | ||
| R | Typha angustifolia | ||
| R | Sparganium ramosum XII | ++ | |
| R | Sparganium simplex VI | ++ | Var. |
| R | Sparganium minimum | ++ | |
| Arum maculatum | |||
| R | Calla palustris XII | ++ | |
| A | Lemna minor | ++ | |
| A | Lemna gibba | ||
| A | Naias marina | ||
| A | Zannichellia palustris | ||
| A | Ruppia maritima | ||
| A | Potamogeton natans XII | ++ | |
| A | Potamogeton oblongus VI | ++ | |
| A | Potamogeton lucens VI | ++ | |
| A | Potamogeton perfoliatus | ++ | |
| A | Potamogeton crispus | ||
| A | Potamogeton densus | ||
| A | Potamogeton obtusifolius | ||
| A | Potamogeton pusillus | ||
| R | Butomus umbellatus | ||
| R | Sagittaria sagittifolia VI | ++ | Var. |
| R | Alisma plantago VI | ++ | Var. |
| R | Alisma ranunculoides | ||
| A | Alisma natans | ||
| R | Damasonium stellatum | ||
| R | Scheuchzeria palustris | ++ | |
| R | Triglochin palustre | ||
| R | Triglochin maritimum | ||
| A | Hydrocharis morsus ranæ | ||
| R | Iris pseudacorus XII | ++ | |
| Iris fœtidissima | |||
| Tamus communis | |||
| Fritillaria meleagris | ++ | ||
| Scilla nutans | |||
| Narthecium ossifragum | |||
| R | Juncus communis | ||
| Juncus glaucus | |||
| R | Juncus articulatus | ||
| Juncus squarrosus | |||
| R | Juncus bufonius | ||
| M | Juncus maritimus | ||
| Luzula campestris | |||
| R | Cladium mariscus | ++ | |
| R | Blysmus rufus | ++ | |
| R | Scirpus palustris | ||
| A | Scirpus fluitans | ||
| Scirpus setaceus | |||
| Scirpus holoschœnus | |||
| R | Scirpus lacustris | ||
| M | Scirpus maritimus | + | |
| Scirpus sylvaticus | |||
| Eriophorum alpinum | |||
| Eriophorum vaginatum | |||
| Eriophorum polystachion | |||
| R | Carex leporina | ++ | |
| Carex stellulata XII | ++ | ||
| R | Carex canescens | ++ | |
| Carex remota XII | ++ | ||
| R | Carex paniculata XII | ++ | |
| R | Carex vulpina XII | ++ | |
| R | Carex acuta VI | ++ | |
| Carex hirta | |||
| R | Carex flava VI | ++ | Var. |
| Carex distans | |||
| Carex panicea | |||
| R | Carex pseudocyperus VI | ++ | |
| R | Carex ampullacea | + | |
| R | Carex paludosa XII | ++ | |
| Carex sp. | |||
| Carex sp. | |||
| R | Leersia oryzoides | ||
| R | Alopecurus geniculatus | ||
| Agrostis sp. | |||
| Agrostis sp. | |||
| R | Poa aquatica | ||
| R | Poa fluitans | ||
| Melica nutans | |||
| R | Arundo phragmites | +? |
Total of the original list: 320 species belonging to 192 genera and 65 families. Of these, about 260 were tested by the author, the data for the remaining species being mainly derived from the writings of Thuret, Kolpin-Ravn, and Sernander, with a few from those of Darwin and Martins.
Note.—Whilst this work has been going through the press, the author has added thirteen species, seven genera, and two families to the list above given; but the general inferences are not affected by the additions. The corrected total would, therefore, be 333 species, 199 genera, and 67 families.
On the effect of drying on the buoyancy of seeds and seed-vessels
It has been already observed that this is as a rule but slight, and that in the great majority of cases the effect of prolonged drying for many months, or even for years, is at the most to give a seed or fruit originally non-buoyant a floating power of a few days’ duration. This is a subject to which I have paid especial attention in my experiments, since, of course, much depends on it in the way of dispersal by currents. It is obvious that a seed or fruit possessing impermeable coverings at the time of its separation from the parent can scarcely be compared with one where the coverings only attain their water-proof capacity by drying. Most gardeners know that seeds which dry easily take up moisture easily, and the principle applies in a varying degree to the great majority of seeds and fruits.
Darwin was inclined to attach importance to adventitious buoyancy acquired by drying; and in the Origin of Species he refers to instances offered by the fruits of the Hazel (Corylus), the Asparagus, and Heliosciadium. In [Note 48] I have referred to the cases of the Oak and the Hazel; and, indeed, we have only to examine the beach-drift in various parts of the world, and to look at their respective stations, to learn that this is not an effective mode of dispersal. Buoyancy of seed or fruit is only one of many other qualities that is concerned with distribution by currents. Nature does not act in this way in seed-distribution, and there can be little doubt that the author of the Origin of Species would have been the first to abandon this view, if his researches had been continued. It should be especially noted that plants of the sea-beach, where the floating power happens to be nil, or limited only to a week or two, would have derived great advantage from the drying of their seeds or fruits if it was really effective in aiding dispersal by currents. However, with plants like Cakile maritima, Eryngium maritimum, Glaucium luteum, &c., the effect of drying is very small.
NOTE 11 (page [25])
The Effect of Sea-water Immersion on the Germinating Capacity of Seeds and Seed-vessels
Berkeley, Darwin, Martins, and others, long ago established the capacity of seeds to germinate after prolonged immersion in sea-water. The reader will find a resumé of their results in the appendix to Mr Hemsley’s volume on the Botany of the Challenger Expedition. The subject is well illustrated in the original papers of those authors, and in my later papers on the flora of Keeling Atoll, and on the seed-drift of the Thames.
I may here remark that the earlier observers often pay more attention to the retention of the germinating capacity after sea-water immersion than to the degree of buoyancy. For this reason I have not been able to make great use of the buoyancy results of Martins, since he frequently does not distinguish between temporary and long-sustained buoyancy, an objection also pointed out by Thuret and Hemsley.