(6) Animals.
(7) Inanimate objects.
(8) Floral and decorative devices.
The Olympian deities are not often represented, some not at all, except on a lamp in the Kestner collection at Göttingen, which has busts of all the twelve[[2802]]; they are not, however, clearly distinguished by attributes. Zeus is represented with Hera and Athena, the three Capitoline deities of Rome, whom the Etruscans knew as Tinia, Thalna, and Menerfa, the Romans as Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.[[2803]] He also appears alone, seated on his throne,[[2804]] but more commonly his bust only is represented (Plate [LXIV]. fig. 4), accompanied by his eagle, which perches on a thunderbolt, sometimes conventionally rendered.[[2805]] The eagle and the thunderbolt also appear alone,[[2806]] or the former with Ganymede.[[2807]] A bearded horned mask may be intended for Dionysos, but is more probably Zeus Ammon.[[2808]] Sarapis is sometimes enthroned, with Cerberus at his side[[2809]]; sometimes only his bust occurs, surmounted by the usual kalathos[[2810]]; Cerberus is also found alone.[[2811]] Hera, except in the instance mentioned, does not occur. A very interesting lamp from Salamis, Cyprus, now in the British Museum, represents the contest of Athena and Poseidon for the possession of Attica[[2812]]; it is doubtless a reminiscence of the Parthenon west pediment, though rough and indistinct in execution. Athena is also seen as a single figure,[[2813]] seated, or standing in the usual Promachos attitude, or before an altar, or pursuing a panther[[2814]]; her head or bust are not uncommon.[[2815]] Apollo is usually represented seated, playing on his lyre, or with the Gryphon at his side[[2816]]; Artemis appears as a huntress, accompanied by her hound, or drawing an arrow from her quiver.[[2817]] A lyre or a crescent appearing alone may be the symbols of these two deities.[[2818]] There are one or two possible instances of Hephaistos and Poseidon,[[2819]] and Demeter may be indicated by a pair of torches[[2820]]; the latter also appears in her chariot, seeking for Persephone.[[2821]] Ares or Mars is found either as a single figure,[[2822]] in a chariot,[[2823]] or playing with Eros, who steals his armour.[[2824]] Hermes appears as a single figure, or accompanied by a sheep, goat, or cock[[2825]]; in one instance he presents a purse to Fortune, who is accompanied by Herakles.[[2826]] A common subject is his bust, along with his attributes of the purse and caduceus[[2827]]; the latter attribute, accompanied by two hands joined, may also have reference to this deity.[[2828]] Aphrodite occurs but rarely; she is either represented accompanied by lions,[[2829]] or riding on a goat,[[2830]] or at the bath or toilet,[[2831]] or in the Cnidian type,[[2832]] all these types being probably reproductions of known works of art. She is also accompanied by Eros, who assists in arming her; this type is known as Venus Victrix, and is seen in a group of Aphrodite and Eros in the Louvre.[[2833]]
More common than all the Olympian deities put together is Eros or Cupid, who appears in all sorts of attitudes and actions, besides those already mentioned.[[2834]] He sits on a chair or reclines on a couch,[[2835]] or is represented in motion, carrying a hare[[2836]] or a bird, a dish of fruit or a branch of vine or palm, a cup, situla, or torch[[2837]]; or plays on the lyre, flutes, or Pan-pipes[[2838]]; or sacrifices a pig, or pours wine into a krater.[[2839]] He rides on a donkey,[[2840]] a dolphin, or a crocodile,[[2841]] or sails in a boat[[2842]]; plays with a chained lion,[[2843]] or is himself tied to a tree.[[2844]] He is represented in the character of Ares, armed with spear and shield; or in that of Dionysos, with cup and thyrsos; or of Herakles, whose club he carries; also, probably in the character of Herakles, he shoots at a serpent.[[2845]] He is also associated with Psyche,[[2846]] and two Erotes sometimes appear together, in one instance in the character of gladiators fighting, in another of boxers.[[2847]] One of the most remarkable lamps in the Museum collection (No. 168) represents a number of diminutive Erotes playing with the club and cup of Herakles; it is unfortunately fragmentary, but another example in Dresden gives the complete design.[[2848]] One plunges head-foremost into the cup; three others raise the club with difficulty from the ground, one supporting it with his back, and a fifth, hovering in the air, pulls at it with his hands. In front of the last-named are the words ADIVATE SODALES, “Help, comrades!”
Dionysos is another surprisingly rare figure on the lamps, though his followers, the Satyrs and Maenads, have their full share of representation. He occurs as a single figure of youthful appearance,[[2849]] and also with his panther, to which he offers his kantharos to drink from[[2850]]; his mask or head may also be recognised.[[2851]] Pan is occasionally found,[[2852]] in one case in the form known as Aegipan (see p. [60]) in company with Echo,[[2853]] in another as a grotesque bust.[[2854]] There is also an instance of Marsyas hung up for his punishment to the branch of a tree.[[2855]] A pastoral deity playing flutes on the handle of a lamp in the B.M. (No. 366) may be either Pan or Marsyas. Satyrs are represented seizing Maenads,[[2856]] dancing, drinking, and playing on the Pan-pipes,[[2857]] or carrying cups and wine-skins,[[2858]] or with a goat[[2859]]; both the bearded and beardless types are found, and their masks or busts are also common.[[2860]] The shaggy-haired Papposeilenos is occasionally represented.[[2861]] Maenads are depicted dancing, in frenzied attitudes, or sacrificing kids; the type is often that of the “new-Attic” reliefs, derived originally from Scopas, of the Maenad Χιμαιροφόνος.[[2862]] Their heads and masks also occur.[[2863]]
PLATE LXIV.
Roman Lamps with Mythological and Literary Subjects
(British Museum).