VIII. The metaphysical ideas next to be discussed are almost exclusively punitive agencies, either connected with scenes in the under-world (Ananke, Poinae, and the Furies), or bringing down penalties and disasters on the heads of wrong-doers, such as the personifications of madness which occur in many of the tragic subjects on Apulian vases.
In the first group we reckon Ananke (Necessity) and the Poinae (Punishments), who appear with the Furies in a scene from the under-world,[[1093]] Ate or Ker (Destiny), a winged figure seen at the death of Hector[[1094]] and at the madness of Lykourgos[[1095]]; and Nemesis (Vengeance) in the scene between Atreus and Thyestes,[[1096]] with reference to its fate-fraught character. In less tragic circumstances the latter is present in a bridal scene, with attributes of a flower and an apple.[[1097]] The Moirae or Fates have already been mentioned (p. [83]), as has Themis or Divine Ordinance (p. [74]).
The second group includes Lyssa (Frenzy), who drives Aktaeon, Hippolytos, and Lykourgos to madness or destruction[[1098]]; Mania (Madness), who similarly drives Herakles to slay his children[[1099]]; and Oistros (E.g. a Gad-fly), who performs similar functions when Medeia is about to slay hers.[[1100]]
IX. Personifications relating to social enjoyments, such as games, the drama, or banquets, are closely analogous to many of those described under headings III. and VI., and occur in the same connection. Thus in Dionysiac scenes we find Choro (Dance), Molpe (Song), Dithyrambos, Hedymeles (Sweet Song), Komos (Revelry), Komodia and Tragoedia (Comedy and Tragedy), and Pannychis and Kraipale, typifying all-night revels and their consequences.[[1101]]
X. Finally, there are what M. Pottier has described as personifications of individualities, under which heading fall many conceptions which do not find a place in any of the classes already discussed. Among these are many of the names given to Maenads and Satyrs (p. [65]), which are intermediate between personal names and embodiments of abstract or physical ideas, some inclining more to one side, some to the other. Of these it is only necessary to mention as illustrative of the present subject the Mainas[[1102]] and the Nymphe[[1103]] found as names of individuals on several vases, and the Oinopion or “Wine-drinker” on vases by Exekias.[[1104]]
To the same class belong the names given to Nymphs of various kinds, such as the Nereids (see p. [26]) or the Hesperides. The latter are named on one vase[[1105]] as Asterope, Chrysothemis, Hygieia, and Lipara; on another[[1106]] as Aiopis, Antheia, Donakis, Kalypso, Mermesa, Nelisa, and Tara.
Of more general signification, and sometimes perhaps to be regarded as descriptive titles rather than names, are such as Archenautes (Ship-captain),[[1107]] Komarchos (Master of Revels),[[1108]] or Paidagogos (Tutor).[[1109]] On the other hand, Neanias, Komos, Paian (given to boys at play),[[1110]] and Eutychia (on the tomb of a woman)[[1111]] may be merely fanciful personal names.