The history of the Jews: From the war with Rome to the present time

by H. C. Adams

If the idea above named has nothing but its likelihood to support it, at all events it has that. And the third charge, brought not long afterwards, of getting surreptitious possession of the consecrated wafer in order to treat it with indignity, tends to strengthen the likelihood. It is alleged that, not content with deriding the doctrine of Transubstantiation, they were eager to insult the body of the Lord itself. They would bribe with a large sum some official to purloin the Host, and hand it over to them—when they would stab it with their knives, and it would bleed, like any human body—they, it was assumed, remaining wholly unmoved by the sight of so tremendous a miracle, nay, only anxious, by multiplied evidence of it, to increase their own condemnation in the sight of Heaven! It is beyond dispute that these alleged marvels were quoted in support of the doctrine of the Corporal Presence in the Eucharist. It is hardly too much to assume that the charges against the Jews were coined—partly, no doubt, in consequence of the bitter hate with which they were regarded, but partly also to establish the certainty of the popular dogma of the day.

I have not thought it necessary to advance any arguments to prove the falsehood of these accusations. No competent tribunal by which they have been tried has ever failed to declare them groundless. Indeed, no person who has the most ordinary acquaintance with the Mosaic ritual, but must be aware, not only of the falsehood, but of the absurdity and the impossibility of the charges. The touch, nay the mere contiguity, of a dead body, according to the Jewish law, rendered all persons in its vicinity unclean, so that they could not partake in, much less celebrate, religious rites until they were purged from the pollution. How then could the blood of a murdered person be used in the consecration of victims and offerings, which its very presence would ipso facto desecrate? If nothing short of the most distinct statement on the subject will satisfy some minds, they have even that. The words of Moses, Levit. vii. 26, 27, are, ‘Ye shall eat no manner of blood’ (πᾶν αἷμα σὐκ ἔδεσθε)—no blood, not even of beast or bird, how much less, of man!

FOOTNOTES:

[270] ‘These accusations began only 600 years ago,’ writes De Virga in the Shebet Yehuda published in Amsterdam A.D. 1651. ‘They commenced in the reign of Alphonso X. of Castile. In his time there was a priest in Spain who in his sermons declared that the Israelites could not sacrifice their Passover unless they had Christian blood to use in the performance of the rite.’

[271] Hierosolym. Talmudis, Fol. II. 1. ‘Quæritur de mensurâ poculorum, quæ ebiberunt ad Pascha, aliaque convivia sacra; et qualitate vini. Præceptum est. ut vino rubido præstat officium. Vinum rubrum requiritur in sacris.’ See Lightfoot, Index Talmud. Hierosolym. Vol. X. p. 509 of his works.

INDEX.

• A.
• Abarbanel (Isaac), [234], [239], [249], [256].
• Abarbanel (the brothers), [249].
• Abasside Caliphs, [137].
• Abba-bar-Huna, [64] n.
• Abbas I., Shah, [278].
• ” II. ” [279], [309].
  
• Abdalla, Caliph, [130].
• ” father of Mahomet, [89].
  
• Abdebrahim, [158].
• Abdel-Muman, Caliph, [144].
• Abderachman I., or Abderraman, Caliph, [111], [127].
• Abderachman II., Caliph, [129].
• Abendana, [264].
• Aben-Ezra, [157].
• Aberdeen, Lord, [368].
• Abner, Rabbi, [218].
• Aboab, Emmanuel, [307].
• ” Isaac, [307].
  
• Abraham, the Patriarch, [17], [59], [91].
• Abraham, Rabbi, [288].
• ” Usque, [258].
  
• ” of Wallingford, [182].
  
• Abrantes, [261].
• Abu Beker, Caliph, [94], [95] n.
• ” Giafar, [108].
  
• Abul Abbas, Caliph, [112].
• Acra, Mount, [29].
• Adonis, Worship of, [51].
• Adrian, Emperor, [42], [43], [47], [51].
• Adrianople, [313].
• Ælia Capitolina, [51].
• Æthiopia, [92], [115].
• Ætius, [92].
• Africa, [96].
• Ageda, Plain of, [286].
• Agobard, Bishop, [125].
• Agrippa I., King, [21].
• ” II. ” [25].
  
• Agrippina, [297].
• Ahmed Kader, Caliph, [130].
• Aila, [94].
• Aizhadin, [95].
• Akiba, Rabbi, [44-50].
• Alarcos, [145].
• Albert, D., of Austria, [203], [207].
• Albigenses, [171], [235].
• Albinus, Procurator, [24].
• Alcantara, Bishop of, [214] n.
• Alexander, Tiber., Procur., [23], [26].
• Alexander II., Czar, [368].
• ” II., Pope, [132].
  
• ” IV. ” [197], [201].
  
• ” VI. ” [222], [240] n., [242].
  
• Alexandria, [22] n., [42], [76], [81], [96], [372].
• Alexandria, Library at, [95].
• Algiers, [281].
• Alkihoran, [128].
• All Saints’ Day, [186].
• Almamon, Caliph, [107] n.
• Almohades, The, [144].
• Almozal, [161].
• Alphonso II., King of Naples, [239].
• Alphonso IV., King of Portugal, [244].
• Alphonso V., King of Portugal, [239] n.
• Alphonso V., King of Spain, [234].
• ” VI. ” ” [133].
  
• ” VII. ” ” [145].
  
• ” VIII. ” ” [145].
  
• ” IX. ” ” [145].
  
• ” X. ” ” [173], [176] n.
  
• Alphonso XI., King of Spain, [213].
• Alroy, El David, [155], [314].
• Alsatia, [168], [203], [206], [320], [357].
• Alvarez, Father, [119] n.
• ” Garcia, [230].
  
• Al Wathek, Caliph, [110].
• Alypius, [68].
• Amaria, [155].
• Ambivius, Procurator, [20].
• Ambrose, Bishop, [72].
• Amina, [89].
• Ammianus Marcellinus, App. [IV.]
• Amru, [96].
• Amsterdam, [119], [292], [294], [301], [312].
• Anakia, [311].
• Ananus, High Priest, [30], [31] n.
• ” of Babylon, [109].
  
• Anastasius, Emperor, [83].
• Ancona, [252], [255].
• Andalusia, [174], [232].
• Anencletus II., Pope, [200].
• Angoulême, [191].
• Anjou, Duke of, [194].
• Antioch, [26], [72] n.
• Antiochus Epiphanes, [118].
• ” King of Commagene, [34] n.
  
• Antipas, Herod, [21].
• Antipatris, [28].
• Antonelli, Cardinal, [359], [360].
• Antonia, Tower of, [30], [35].
• Antoninus, Emperor, [54].
• Antwerp, [258].
• Appollonius Tyaneus, [59].
• Aquitaine, [122].
• Arabia, [92], [98], [155].
• Arabian Nights, [115].
• Aragon, [171], [177], [217], [228], [233].
• Arbues D’Avila, [238].
• Arch of Titus, [39].
• Archelaus, [19].
• Arianism, [100].
• Arians, [73], [92], [100] n.
• Aristobulus, [21].
• Aristotle, [159].
• Arles, [126].
• Armleder, [203].
• Arnheim, [219].
• Arnold, Archbishop, [142] n.
• Artaxerxes, King, [85].
• Asa or Asche, Rabbi, [85].
• Asaph, St., Bishop (Drummond), [345].
• Ascalon, [44], [162].
• Ashkenaz, [340] n.
• Ashkenazim, [292] n., [340] n.
• Assassins, [31].
• Augustus, Emperor, [20], [55].
• Aurelian, Emperor, [60].
• Aurelius, Emperor, [54], [298].
• Austerlitz, Battle of, [356].
• Austria, [169], [365].
• Averroes, [158].
• Avignon, [201], [252], [255], [274], [320].
• Avila, Bishop of, [232].
• Ayala, Lopes de, [215].
• Azores, [121].
• Azotus, [54].
• B
• Baalbek, [95].
• Babylon, [40], [128].
• Babylonian Schools, [129].
• Baechoo, [116].
• Bagdad, [161], [162].
• Bajazet, Sultan, [252] n.
• Balavignus, [205].
• Balsora, [116].
• Bamberg, [273].
• Banditono, [206].
• Bannister’s ‘Holy Land,’ [225] n.
• Barabbas (Jew of Malta), [225] n.
• Barbarini, Cardinal, [307].
• Barbary, [228].
• Barcelona, [138], [160], [217], [240].
• ” Cortes at, [172].
  
• Barchochebas, [44-50].
• Barons’ War, [184].
• Basle, Council at, [206].
• Basnage, [112], [123].
• Basques, The, [231].
• Bassorah, [161].
• Bauer, Bruno, [362].
• Bavaria, [141].
• Bayonne, [276], [319].
• Beausobre, [65] n.
• Belgium, [365].
• Belgrade, [314].
• Belisarius, [84] n., [92], [94] n.
• Belmont, Baron de, [305].
• Beltran, Bishop, [230].
• Benedict XIII., Pope, [230].
• ” XIV. ” [338].
  
• ” the Jew, [150].
  
• Beni Israel, The, [120].
• Benjamin of Tudela, [112], [115], [155] n., [157], [161].
• Bennefeld, [206].
• Berlin, [324], [336].
• ” Treaty of, [369].
  
• Bernaldes, [239].
• Bernard of Clairvaulx, [136] n., [142], [199], [200] n.
• Bernard the Banker, [321].
• ” the Monk, [220].
  
• Bernardino di Feltre, [222].
• Berne, [205].
• Bernhardt, Herr, [336].
• Bethlehem, [51], [247].
• Bethor, or Bither, [44], [49].
• Bezetha, [29], [30].
• Beziers, Jews of, [122] n., [127].
• Black Death, [204].
• Blanche of Castile, [164], [166].
• Blood Accusations, [73] n., [142], [183], [366], App. [V.]
• Bohemia, [146], [209].
• Bokhara, [376].
• Boleslaus of Poland, [208].
• Bologna, [202], [257], [358], [359].
• Bomberg, [258].
• Boniface IX., Pope, [244].
• Bordeaux, [191], [276], [319].
• Borgia, Roderic, [298].
• Borne, Louis, [337].
• Borromeo, Cardinal, [224].
• Borrow’s ‘Bible in Spain,’ [265] n.
• Bosnia, [314].
• Bosra, [95].
• Botouschani, [370] n.
• Brabant, [208].
• Braganza, [244].
• Bragaza, [239] n.
• Brandenburgh, [271].
• Brazil, [299], [373].
• Bremen, [361].
• Brentford, [341].
• Brescia, [223].
• Breslau, [220], [337] n.
• Brett, Samuel, [286], [287].
• Bristol, Jew of, [154].
• Brokers, Jewish, [349].
• Bruhl, Count, [338].
• Brunn, [335].
• Brussels, [208].
• Buda, [286].
• Bular, King, [111].
• Burgos, [217].
• ” Bishop of, [218].
  
• ” Council of, [213].
  
• Buxtorf, [200], App. [II.]
• C.
• Cabbala, Appendix [III.]
• Cabbalists, [109], [157].
• Cæsarea, [20], [24], [26], [44], [84].
• Cairo, [281], [372].
• Caligula, Emperor, [21], [22].
• Calixtus III., Pope, [222].
• Canon, Don Santo de, [218].
• Canterbury, Archb. of (Sumner), [351], [353].
• Canton, [116].
• Caorsini, The, [199].
• Capistran, [220].
• Capnio. See Reuchlin.
• Cappadocia, [114].
• Captivity, Princes of, [41], [114].
• Caracalla, Emperor, [58].
• Cardoso, [315].
• Carlisle, Earl of, [351].
• Carthagena, [240].
• Carulet, [206].
• Carvajal, [211] n.
• Casimir III., King of Poland, [204], [208].
• Cassius, Avidius, [54].
• Castile, [228].
• Catherine, Regent of Spain, [229].
• ” of Portugal, [303].
  
• Cavades, King of Persia, [85].
• Cayenne, [299].
• Census of Spanish Jews, [176].
• Chajon, Nehemiah, [315].
• Chanina, [85].
• Charlemagne, Emperor, [123].
• Charles the Bald, Emperor, [126].
• ” V., ” [261].
  
• ” VI., ” [332].
  
• ” VII., ” [327].
  
• ” II., King of England, [303].
  
• ” II., King of France, [127].
  
• ” III., ” ” [127].
  
• ” IV., ” ” [193].
  
• ” V., ” ” [194].
  
• ” VI., ” ” [195].
  
• ” VIII., ” ” [257].
  
• ” II., King of Spain, [301].
  
• ” III., ” ” [317].
  
• ” IV., ” ” [318].
  
• Charles Edward, [342].
• ” of Moravia, [207].
  
• Chasidim, [377].
• Chaucer, [183].
• Chelmnicki, [292].
• Chignon, [192].
• Chillon, [205].
• Chilperic, [83], [105].
• China, Jews of, [116].
• ” Cochin, Jews of, [119], [120].
  
• Chisuk Emuna, [270] n.
• Chosroes, King of Persia, [91], [93], [115], [118].
• Chouts, [162].
• Claudius, Emperor, [23], [55].
• Clement IV., Pope.
• ” V., ” [201], [204].
  
• ” VI., ” [201], [207], [244].
  
• ” VII., ” [252].
  
• ” VIII., ” [255].
  
• ” XII., ” [318].
  
• ” XIII., ” [338].
  
• Clotaire I., King of France, [83].
• ” II., ” ” [105].
  
• Clugny, Peter of, [224].
• Cohen, Alexander, [210].
• ” Esther, [129].
  
• Coke, Sir E., [276] n.
• Coleridge, S. T., [176], [295] n.
• Cologne, [141], [220].
• Coloman, King of Hungary, [146].
• Colossus of Rhodes, [108] n.
• Constans, Emperor, [67].
• Constantine, Copronymus, [107] n.
• ” Emperor, [54], [66].
  
• Constantinople, [81], [107], [162], [279], [312], [332].
• Copin, [183].
• Coponius, Procurator, [20].
• Cordova, [105], [111], [112], [127], [158], [217], [232].
• Cordova, Gonsalvo de, [257].
• Corneglio, Father, [253].
• Cornwall, Earl of, [182].
• Cossacks, Rebellion of, [289].
• Costa Da, Historian, [362], [363].
• ” ” Isaac, [340].
  
• ” ” Uriel, [293].
  
• Cremieux, M., [375].
• Cremona, [257], [258].
• Crete, [76].
• Crimean War, [376].
• Cromwell, Oliver, [302], [303].
• Crusades, Causes of, [137].
• Ctesiphon, [94].
• Cufa, [94], [162].
• Cumanus, V., Procurator, [23].
• Cush, Land of, [115].
• Cuspius Fadus, Procurator, [23].
• Cyprus, [42].
• Cyrene, [40].
• Cyril of Alexandria, [76].
• D.
• Dagobert, King of France, [105].
• D’Aguilar, Miss, [265] n.
• Damascus, [44], [95], [112], [279], [374].
• Damietta, [281].
• Daniel, [310].
• Dashwood, Sir J., [345].
• Da Silva, [294].
• David, Francis, [270].
• D’Avila, Arbues, [236].
• Decius, Emperor, [59].
• Deckendorf, [203].
• D’Enghien, Duke of, [143].
• Denmark, [365].
• Dennis, King of Portugal, [244].
• De Pass, [346] n.
• Dessau, [336].
• De Vries, [296].
• Dickens, Charles, [225] n.
• Dion Cassius, [50].
• Diospolis, [54].
• D’Israeli, Benjamin, [155].
• ” Isaac, [276] n.
  
• Dnieper, River, [289]
• Doesborg, [219].
• Dohm, Counsellor, [328].
• Domenge, Father, [117].
• Dominic, [172].
• Domitian, Emperor, [41].
• Domus, Conversorum, [183].
• Dover, [275].
• Dublin, Abp. of (Whately), [351].
• Du Jon, [284].
• Dunaan, King of Homer, [92].
• E.
• Ecbatana, [94].
• Ecija, Archdeacon of, [227].
• Edessa, [108] n.
• Edward the Confessor, [133].
• ” I., King of England, [164], [166], [184], [185], [341].
  
• Egbert of York, [133].
• Egeria, [55].
• Egica, King of Goths, [10].
• Egypt, [40], [76], [94], [96].
• Egyptian Jew, [24].
• Elam, [114].
• Eleazar, [25], [30].
• Elias (Prussian Jew), [324].
• ” Rabbi, [182].
  
• Eliezer, [49].
• ” the Printer, [250].
  
• Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, [329], [338].
• Elnabar, [161].
• Elvira, Council of, [100].
• Embden, [263].
• Emesa, [95].
• Emmanuel, King of Portugal, [246], [261].
• Emmanuel, Victor, King of Italy, [360] n.
• Encyclopædists, [321].
• Ende, Van. Physician, [295].
• Enghien, [208].
• Enriquez, [299].
• Epistola Obsc. Vir., [269] n.
• Eslingen, [206].
• Esther, Book of, [118].
• Estherka, [208].
• Euchel, Isaac, [337].
• Eugenius III., Pope, [142].
• ” IV., ” [221].
  
• Eusebius, [52], [54], [58].
• Evora, [244].
• Exeter, Bishop of (Philpotts), [351], [353].
• Expulsion of Jews from Empire, [209].
• Expulsion of Jews from England, [186].
• Expulsion of Jews from France, [195].
• Expulsion of Jews from Portugal, [248].
• Expulsion of Jews from Russia, [147].
• Expulsion of Jews from Spain, [240].
• Ezra, [56], [57] n.
• ” Book of, [118].
  
• F.
• Fadai, [93].
• Fadus, Cuspius, Procurator, [23].
• Farwah, [96].
• Felix, Procurator, [24].
• Felletti, Padre, [359].
• Ferdinand I., King of Spain, [132].
• ” III. ” ” [173].
  
• ” IV. ” ” [211].
  
• ” VI. ” ” [317].
  
• ” I., Emperor, [272].
  
• ” II. ” [286].
  
• ” III. ” [286].
  
• ” King of Aragon, [233].
  
• ” King of Portugal, [244].
  
• Fermosa, Rachel, [145].
• Ferrara, [256], [258].
• ” Duke of, [305].
  
• Ferrer, Vincentius, [228], [236].
• Festus, P., Procurator, [24].
• Feudal System, The, [134], [135].
• Fez, [281].
• Flaccus, Aquilius, [22] n.
• Flagellants, The, [205].
• Fleisch, Raind, [169].
• Florence, [197], [222], [256].
• Florinda, [104] n.
• Florus, Gessius, Procurator, [24], [25] n.
• Fouché, [143].
• Franchise, Jews admitted to, [349].
• Franconia, [146].
• Frank, Jacob, [334], [335], [336].
• Frankels, Rabbi, [336].
• Frankfort, [285], [312], [361].
• Franza, [233].
• Frederick II., Emperor, [200], [286].
• ” III. ” [269] n.
  
• ” William, Elector, [286], [324].
  
• Frederick William I., King of Prussia, [325].
• Frederick William II., King of Prussia, [325].
• Frederick (the Great) III., King of Prussia, [325], [336].
• Freiburg, [205].
• Frideswide, St., [184].
• Friedlander, David, [337].
• Fulvia, [20].
• G.
• Gabriol, Solomon, [138].
• Gadara, [28], [44] n.
• Galba, Emperor, [29].
• Galicia, [333].
• Gallio, [57].
• Gallus, Cest., Prefect, [25], [27], [31] n.
• Gamala, [20] n., [44] n.
• Gamaliel I., II., III., IV., Presidents of Sanhedrin, [57] n.
• Gamaliel IV., [77].
• Gans, David, [274].
• Gaon, or Geon, [86] n.
• Garcia, Alvares, [230].
• Garonne, [191].
• Gaubil, Father, [117].
• Gaulonitis, [20] n.
• Gaza, [309].
• Geiger, [363].
• Geneva, [205].
• Gennath (Gate of Jerusalem), [30].
• Genoa, [82], [222], [241], [258].
• Geonim, [86].
• George III., King of England, [347].
• George IV., King of England, [348].
• Georgius, Prefect, [98].
• Gerasa, [31], n.
• Germany, [146], [360], [370].
• Ghetto, [202], [229], [255], [306] n.
• Ghibellines, [197].
• Giaffir, [110].
• Gibbon, Historian, [107], [159], [244] n., [255], [358].
• Gibraltar, [240], [317].
• Giles, St., Cripplegate, [134].
• Gischala, [28], [30].
• Godolphin, Lord, [340].
• Goethe, [295] n.
• Golden Age of Judaism, [106].
• Goldsmid, Mr., [349].
• ” Sir Isaac, [350].
• Gomez, Emmanuel, [299].
• Gompertz, [324].
• Gonsalez of Calatrava, [214] n.
• Gonsalvo de Cordova, [257].
• Gooch, Bishop of Norwich, [344].
• Gordon, Lord G., [346] n.
• Goshen, [156].
• Gotesel, Priest, [146].
• Gozani, Father, [117].
• Graetz, Historian, [324], [363], App. [III.]
• Granada, [128], [132].
• ” King of, [192].
• Grant, Mr. R., [349].
• Gratus, Valer., Procurator, [20].
• Greece, [162].
• Grégoire, Abbé, [322].
• Gregory I., Pope, [82], [197].
• ” VII. ”, [145].
• ” IX. ”, [243].
• ” XIII. ”, [255].
• Grimaldi, [346] n.
• Grotius, [284].
• Guadelete, River, [104].
• Gudule, St., [209].
• Guelderland, [219].
• Guelf, [197].
• Guinea, Gulf of, [246].
• H.
• Habenicht, Walter von, [140].
• Hachacham, [157].
• Hagenau, [168].
• Hague, The, [295], [305].
• Hai, [130].
• Hajun, [332].
• Halevi, [138], [210].
• Hallam, Historian, [123] n.
• Hamadan, [94].
• Haman, [73], [118].
• Hamburgh, [312], [362].
• Hamon, Joseph, [280].
• Hanoch, Rabbi, [128], [129].
• Harleian Miscellany, [287].
• Harley, Lord, [346].
• Haroun Al Raschid, Caliph, [108].
• Harrington, [303].
• Heber, [17] n.
• Hebron, [159], [377].
• Hegel, [295] n.
• Hegesippus, [41].
• Heine, [337].
• Hela, [162].
• Heliogabalus, Emperor, [58].
• Henry IV., Emperor, [141].
• ” I., King of England, [148].
• ” II. ” ”, [148].
• ” III. ” ”, [199].
• ” II., King of France, [319].
• ” II., King of Spain, [215] (of Transtamara).
• ” III., King of Spain, [216], [217].
• ” IV., King of Spain, [231].
• Hep, Hep, [141], [362].
• Heracleonas, [99] n.
• Heraclius, Emperor, [91], [93], [98], [101].
• Herder, [295] n.
• Herodias, [21].
• Herodion, [38].
• Hierax of Alexandria, [77].
• Hillel I., II., III., [57] n.
• Hippicus, Tower of, [29], [43].
• Hira, [94].
• Hiskiah, [130].
• Hochstraten, [270].
• Holland, [291], [300], [332], [365].
• Holmes, Nathaniel, [287].
• Holy Land, [162], [225], [281], [376].
• Homberg, Herr, [337] n.
• Homen Lopes, [263].
• Homeritis, [92].
• Honorius, Emperor, [71], [81].
• Hormisdas, King of Persia, [65].
• Hosdai, Rabbi, [111].
• Hoshiel, Rabbi, [128].
• Hugh of Lincoln, [183].
• Huguenots, [320].
• Hungary, [146], [332], [333], [366].
• Huntingdon, [303].
• Huss, John, [271].
• Hypatia, [77].
• I.
• Idumeans, [28], [31].
• Immanuel Ben Solomon, [202].
• Impostors, Jewish, [154].
• India, [116].
• Inglis, Sir R., [351].
• Inmestar, [73].
• Innocent II., Pope, [197].
• ” III., ”, [198] n.
• ” IV., ”, [197], [198].
• ” VIII., ”, [222].
• ” XI., ”, [305].
• Inquisition, [235], [301], [317], [318], [365].
• Ionia, [114].
• Irak, [94].
• Ireland, [303].
• Isaac of Duren, Rabbi, [210].
• ” The Five, [138].
• Isabella of Castile, [232], [238].
• ” Infanta, [246].
• Isidore, Bishop of Seville, [101].
• Ismail, Shah Sofi, [277].
• Israel, Baal Schem, [334].
• Isserlein, [210].
• Istakan, [94].
• Italy, [358].
• Ivan III., of Russia, [273].
• Izarba, [250].
• J.
• Jachia, Don David, [250].
• ” ” Solomon, [243].
• Jacob, Rabbi, [206].
• Jacob Hall, Oxford, [134].
• Jaen, [232], [233].
• Jaffa, [377].
• James I., King of Aragon, [171].
• ” II., ” ”, [177].
• ” II., King of England, [304].
• Jamnia, [41], [54], [56].
• Jarchi. See Rashi.
• Jechiel, Rabbi, [166].
• Jerome, [52].
• ” of Prague, [271].
• ” of Santa Fé, [230].
• Jerusalem described, [29].
• ” present state, [376], [377].
• ” siege by Titus, [32-36].
• ” rebuilt by Adrian, [51].
• ” taken by Omar, [95].
• Jerusalem taken by Persians, [87].
• ” retaken by Heraclius, [87].
• Jessel, Sir G., [352], [354] n.
• Jesuits in China, [116].
• Jesus Christ, [91].
• ” son of Hanani, [32].
• ” son of Sirach, [117].
• Jethukiel, Phys., [333].
• Jochaides, Simon, [54].
• Jochanan, Rabbi, [57] n.
• Jonathan, High Priest, [24].
• ” of Enghien, [208].
• John, King of England, [153], [198].
• ” ” France, [193].
• ” I., ” Spain, [216].
• ” II., ” ”, [228].
• ” I., ” Portugal, [244].
• ” II., ” ”, [245].
• ” XXII., Pope, [201].
• ” of Gischala, [30] n., [33], [37], [39].
• Joppa, [44] n.
• Joseph II., Emperor of Austria, [328], [365].
• Joseph, King of Khozar, [111].
• ” Historian, [146] n.
• ” of Ecija, [213].
• ” of Granada, [132].
• ” of Osuna, [175].
• ” Rabbi, [129].
• ” Spanish Minister, [132].
• Josephus, [17], [25] n., [28] n., [33], [39], [55], App. [I.]
• Joshua, Rabbi, [190].
• Jost, Historian, [64] n., [323].
• Jotapata, [28], [44] n.
• Jovian, Emperor, [70].
• Judah, Hakkadosh II. and III., [57] n.
• Judah, Chief Rabbi, [244].
• ” Don, [244].
• ” of Modena, [307].
• Judas, Gaulonite, [19], [25], [314].
• ” Maccabæus, [56].
• Jude, St., [41].
• Juglar, Inquisitor, [236].
• Julian, Count, [104].
• ” Emperor, [67], [68], [69].
• ” Samaritan, [83].
• Julius III., Pope, [253].
• Justin Emperor, [83].
• ” Martyr, [52] n.
• Justinian, Emperor, [83], [84].
• Juvenal, [55].
• K.
• Kaaba, [89].
• Kadijah, [90].
• Kainoka, [93].
• Kalba Sabua, [46].
• Kaminiek, Bishop of, [334].
• Karaites, The, [109], [110] n., [331], [377].
• Kashgar, [116].
• Kenana, [93].
• Khaibar, [93].
• Khaled, [94].
• Khozar, [111], [112].
• Kimchi, David, [160], [172].
• Kimchis, The, [160].
• Kobad (Cavades), [85].
• Koraidha, [93].
• Koran, The, [91] n.
• Koreish, The, [89].
• L.
• Lacedæmonians, [56].
• Ladislaus I., King of Hungary, [146].
• Ladislaus II., King of Hungary, [220].
• Lamego, Ruez, [340].
• Langton, Archbishop, [180].
• Languedoc, [105], [127], [191], [194].
• Lara, David, [299].
• Lavater, [337].
• Leghorn (Livorno), [222], [256], [258].
• Leibnitz, [295] n.
• Leinengen, Landgrave of, [146].
• Leo X., Pope, [252].
• ” Rabbi, [286].
• ” of Modena, [305].
• ” the Isaurian, Emperor, [83], [99], [100].
• Leonis, Peter, [200].
• Leopold I., Emperor, [289], [324].
• ” Duke, [320].
• Lepanto, Battle of, [280].
• Lessing, [295] n., [336] n.
• Levi, Samuel, [214].
• ” Solomon, Bishop of Burgos, [218].
• Lexington, Lord, [183].
• Lincoln, [150], [184].
• Lipman of Mulhouse, [210].
• Lippold, Physician, [271].
• Lisbon, [247], [260], [301].
• Lithuanians, [204].
• Lombard Hall, Oxford, [134].
• London, [157], [275].
• Loraine, [320].
• Lothair, King of France, [127].
• Louis le Deb., King of France, [124].
• ” II., III., IV., Kings of France, [127].
• Louis VIII., King of France, [163].
• ” IX., ” ” [224].
• ” XIV., ” ” [301], [320].
• Louis XV., XVI., ” ” [321].
• Lowe, Joel, [337] n.
• Lubeck, [361].
• Lucena, [138].
• Luke, St., [40].
• Lunel, [190].
• Luther, [224], [284].
• Luzzato, Moses, [307], [333].
• Lyons, [125], [321].
• ” Council at, [165].
• ” Jews of, [165].
• Lysanias, [21].
• Lysias, Claudius, [57].
• Lyttelton, Lord, [343] n.
• M.
• Maccabees, [118], [226], [331].
• McCaul, Dr., [333].
• Machærus, [38].
• Macon, Council at, [82].
• Madrid, [301].
• Magi, Religion of, [69] n., [90], [96].
• Magona, [75].
• Mahomet, [89-94].
• Mahrattas, [120].
• Maimon, Solomon, [337] n.
• Maimonides, [157], [158], [159].
• Malabar, Jews of, [115] n., [119].
• Malach, [332].
• Malaga, [138].
• Malcho, [262] n.
• Malesherbes, [322].
• Mammæa, [59].
• Mamun, [110].
• Manasseh (or Menasseh) ben Israel, [287], [290], [301], [304] n.
• Manasseh, Menecier, [193].
• Manes or Mani, [65].
• Mantenu, Jacob, [234].
• Mantua, [157], [222], [223], [257].
• Marcian, Emperor, [83].
• Marco Polo, [161].
• Mariana, Historian, [240].
• Maria Theresa, [327], [335].
• Marlowe, [225] n.
• Martel, Charles, [122] n.
• Martial, [55].
• Martin V., Pope, [197], [221].
• Martin, Henry, [303].
• Martina, [99] n.
• Martinez, Ferdinand, [216], [217].
• Masada, [31] n., [38], [152].
• Massorites, [109], Appendix [III.]
• Master of Jews, [124].
• Matthew of Paris, [180].
• Matthias, High Priest, [31] n., [35].
• ” St., [115].
• Maundeville, Sir J., [161].
• Mauritius, Emperor, [86].
• ” Island, [276].
• Maximilian, Emperor, [220], [269].
• Maximus, Emperor, [72].
• Mayence or Mentz, [141], [206], [220].
• Mecca, [90], [91].
• Mechlenberg, [267].
• Media, [114].
• Medici, Catherine de, [276].
• Medina, [91].
• ” del Campo, [212], [231].
• Meir, Impostor, [85].
• ” Physician, [229].
• ” Rabbi, [274].
• Melun, Council at, [164].
• Menahem, [25].
• Mendelssohn, Bartholdy, [337].
• ” Moses, [329], [336], [360].
• Mendez, Andrea, [303].
• ” Antonio, [303].
• Menton, Count, [374].
• Merseburg, [272].
• Mesopotamia, [42], [114].
• Metz, [320].
• Mexico, [374].
• Michael, Emperor, [107].
• ” St., Island, [121].
• Milan, [82].
• Milman, [75], [106], [115], [179], [324] n.
• Minorca, [74].
• Mishna, [84].
• Modayne, [94].
• Modena, [257].
• Moldavia, [335], [368].
• Montalcino, [253].
• Montanists, [100].
• Montefiori, Sir Moses, [340], [360], [368], [373], [375].
• Montiel, [215].
• Moravia, [332].
• Moravian Impostor, [154].
• Mordecai, Rabbi, [203].
• Morea, The, [306].
• Moriah, Mount, [29], [43].
• Morocco, Jews in, [158], [281], [372], [376].
• Mortara, Signor, [358], [359].
• Moselle, River, [140].
• Moses of Crete, [76].
• ” Hall, Oxford, [134].
• ” Hamon, [280].
• ” Lawgiver, [91].
• ” de Leon, [177].
• ” Luzzato, [307], [333].
• ” Rabbi, [128].
• ” Rieti, [202].
• Mossey, of Wallingford, [134] n.
• Mostanged, [161].
• Mosteira, Rabbi, [295].
• Motokavel, Sultan, [110].
• Muja, [247].
• Mulhouse, [210].
• Munich, [169].
• Muza, [104].
• ” Battle of, [94].
• Muzafia, Benjamin, [299].
• N.
• Nachmanides, [160].
• Nadir, [93].
• Nagra, [92].
• Nantes, Edict of, [320].
• Naples, [84] n., [197], [200].
• Napoleon, [319], [356], [357], [360], [364].
• Narbonne, Archbishop of, [127].
• ” Jews in, [124].
• Narses, [92].
• Nasi, Joseph, [280].
• Nathan, Benjamin, [309].
• ” Rabbi, [129].
• Navarre, [217].
• Neander, Historian, [337].
• Neapolitanus, Tribune, [25].
• Nehemiah, Rabbi, [313].
• Nejara, [215].
• Nelson, [285].
• Nerva, Emperor, [41], [42].
• Neustadt, [206].
• Newcastle, Duke of, [345].
• Nicephorus, Emperor, [107].
• Nicolas Czar, [367].
• ” a Jew, [166].
• ” III., Pope, [197].
• ” IV., ” [244].
• ” V., ” [221].
• Niger, [58].
• Nineveh, [161].
• Nitzachon, The, [270] n.
• Noah, [91].
• Northampton, [148] n.
• Norway, [365].
• Norwich, [149], [150].
• ” Bishop of (Gooch), [344].
• Norzi, Solomon, [307].
• Novara, G., [270].
• Nuremburg, [203], [220], [268].
• Nyireghyaza, [366].
• O.
• Oceana, [303].
• Offenbach, [335], [336].
• Omar, Caliph, [95], [108], [112].
• Ommiades, [95] n., [112].
• Onkelos, Targum of, [250], App. [III.]
• Oporto, [247].
• Oran, [281].
• Orestes, Prefect, [77].
• Origen, [56], [59].
• Orleans, [164].
• ” Regent, [320].
• Orobio di Castro, [299], [301].
• Orpheus, [59].
• Osorio, Bishop, [249].
• ” Count, [213].
• Osrhoene, [72].
• Osuna, [174], [176].
• Otho, Emperor, [29].
• Oxford, [123], [134], [184].
• P
• Pablo, [160], [173].
• Pachecho, Juan de, [233].
• Padua, [223], [258].
• Palestine, [96], [157], [281].
• Pallas, [24].
• Palma, [230].
• Pampeluna, [217].
• Pamphylia, [114].
• Paris, Riots in, [164].
• Parker, Lord, [345].
• Parliament, Jewish, [181].
• Parthenay, Sieur de, [192].
• Parthia, [114].
• Patriarch of the West, [41].
• Patriarchs of Tiberias, [62], [77].
• ” ” suppressed, [78].
• Paul, St., [25] n., [55], [353].
• Paul II., Pope, [222].
• ” III., ”, [234], [262].
• ” IV., ”, [253].
• ” of Samosata, [60].
• Pedro III., King of Spain, [214].
• Pelham. Mr., [342], [343].
• Pella, [27] n.
• Pelusium, [96].
• Peræa, [28].
• Pereira, [263].
• Persepolis, [94].
• Persia, [94], [116], [308], [376].
• Peru, Strange Building in, [121].
• Peter, Emperor of Russia, [329], [338].
• Peter the Hermit, [138], [140].
• Peters, Hugh, [303].
• Petronius, Prefect, [22].
• Pfeffercorn, [268].
• Pfortzheim, [269] n.
• Phasaelus, Tower of, [43].
• Philip, the Arabian, Emperor, [59].
• ” Agrippa’s General, [26].
• ” II. (Augustus), King of France, [142], [163], [198].
• Philip III. (the Hardy), King of France, [166].
• Philip IV. (the Fair), King of France, [167].
• Philip V. (the Long), King of France, [190], [193], [198].
• Philip III., King of Spain, [300].
• ” V., ” ”, [316].
• Philo Judæus, [22] n., [55].
• Philpotts, Bishop of Exeter, [353].
• Phocas, Emperor, [98].
• Phrygia, [114].
• Piacenza, [222].
• Pichon, Joseph, [216].
• ” Solomon, [232].
• Pilatus, P., Procurator, [20].
• Pinedo, De, [298].
• Pitt, Mr., [346].
• Pius II., Pope, [222].
• ” IV., ”, [255].
• ” V., ”, [255].
• ” VI., ”, [319].
• ” IX., ”, [358], [360].
• Plato, [159].
• Ploermel, [164].
• Pocock, [290].
• Podolia, [33].
• Poitou, [192].
• Poland, [330], [333], [334], [335].
• Polycarp, [55] n.
• Pombal, Don, [264].
• Pompey, [55].
• Pontoise, [142].
• Pontus, [114].
• Portaleoni, [258].
• Port Maria, [240].
• Portugal, [365].
• Potsdam, [324].
• Prague, [271], [286].
• Prester, John, [112].
• Princes of the Captivity, [63].
• Prioress’s Tale, [183].
• Prussia, [324], [326].
• ” Rhenish, [140].
• Psephinus, Tower of, [43].
• Pumbeditha, [64] n., [161].
• Purim, Feast of, [73], [190] n.
• Pyrenees, [122].
• Q.
• Quietus, Lucius, [42].
• R.
• Rachel Fermosa, [145].
• Radziwill, Prince, [307].
• Raport, [363].
• Rashi, Rabbi, [147].
• Ravenna, [223] n.
• Raymond, Count of Toulouse, [163].
• Raymond, Monk, [172].
• Reccared, King of Goths, [100].
• Rehoboth, [161].
• Remigius, Bishop, [126].
• Resch-Glutha, [115].
• Resen, [162].
• Reuchlin, J., [269] n.
• Rhodes, [108] n., [374].
• Rhynsberg, [295].
• Ricci, Father, [116].
• Richard I., King of England, [149], [152], [159].
• Richard of Pontoise, [142].
• Rieti, Rabbi Moses, [202].
• Rimini, [258].
• Robert of Jerusalem, [201].
• Roderic, King of the Goths, [104].
• Rodney, Admiral, [346].
• Rodolph, Monk, [141], [142].
• Rodrigo, Bishop, [212].
• Rodriguez, Daniel, [256].
• Romaine, W., [343] n.
• Rome, [82], [197], [222], [258], [305].
• Rossi, Asarja, [258].
• Rothschild, Baron, [350], [356] n., [368].
• Rothschild, Sir N., [352].
• Rouen, [133].
• Roumania, [368], [369].
• Rufus, Procurator, [20].
• ” Ticinius, or Turnus, [48].
• Russell, Lord J., [350].
• ” Mr. Odo, [360].
• Russia, [147], [277], [329], [333], [365].
• S.
• Saadi ben Joseph, [130].
• Sabbathai Sevi, [309-314].
• Sadoc, [20] n.
• Sadolet, Cardinal, [252].
• Saladin, [158].
• Salamanca, Council at, [213].
• Salamons, Alderman, [349], [352].
• Saloniki, [280], [281].
• Samaritan Version, [117].
• Samuel, Levi, [214].
• ” Rabbi, [132].
• ” Spanish Minister, [212].
• Sancha, Donna, [132].
• Sancho, King of Castile, [176].
• ” I., King of Portugal, [245].
• ” II., ” ”, [243].
• Sanhedrin, [35], [41], [55], [57].
• ” President of, [57].
• ” in Paris, [357].
• Sapor, King of Persia, [64], [65], [67].
• Saragossa, [172], [237] n.
• Sassanian Dynasty, [94].
• Savona, [231].
• Savonarola, [224].
• Scharf, [366].
• Scherira, [130].
• Schleirmacher, [295] n.
• Scholastica, St., [123].
• Scott, Sir W., [152] n., [226] n.
• Sebastian, King of Portugal, [282].
• Sebastople, [115] n.
• Segovia, [229].
• Seidelius, [270].
• Seine, River, [144].
• Sejanus, [20].
• Selim I., II., [280].
• Sephardim, [292] n., [377].
• Sepphoris, [56].
• Septuagint Version, [117].
• Sepulveda, [232].
• Serenus, [112].
• Servia, [368].
• Sestos, [312].
• Setubal, [247].
• Severus, Alexander, Emperor, [59].
• ” Septimius, ”, [58].
• ” Bishop of Minorca, [74].
• ” Julius, [48].
• Seville, [101], [173], [237] n.
• Shalmanesar, [109].
• Shemariah, Rabbi, [128].
• Shepherds, Rising of, [166], [190].
• Shunem, [162].
• Silesia, [320].
• Silva, [38].
• Simeon, Bishop of Ctesiphon, [67].
• ” Patriarch, [62], [57] n.
• ” the son of Gamaliel, [57] n.
• ” Stylites, [72] n.
• Simon, Son of Gioras, [31] n. [33], [35], [37], [39].
• Simon, the Just, [57] n.
• ” Zelotes, St., [115].
• Sisibut, King of Goths, [101].
• Sixtus, IV., Pope, [222].
• ” V., [255].
• Smyrna, [309], [312].
• Socrates, Historian, [76] n.
• Solomon, Ashkenazim, [280].
• ” ben Abraham, [331].
• ” Medigo, [307].
• ” Rophe, [280].
• Solymosi, Esther, [366].
• Southampton, [179] n.
• Spinoza, [293-298].
• Spires, [141], [206], [209].
• Stamford, [150].
• Stephen, King of England, [148], [149].
• Strasburg, [141], [293], [320].
• Strauss, [360].
• Stuttgard, [269] n.
• Suabia, [203].
• Succession, War of, [316].
• Suetonius, [25] n.
• Surenhusius, [290].
• Surinam, [299].
• Sweden, [365].
• Switzerland, [365].
• Sylvester, Pope, [65] n.
• Syria, [94].
• T.
• Tabuc, [94].
• Tacitus, [55].
• Tagus, [214].
• Talmud, [84], [165], [255], [258], [269], App. [II.]
• Talmud, the Babylonian, [85].
• ” ” Jerusalem, [57].
• Tarichæa, [28].
• Tavora, [231].
• Temple burnt, [36].
• ” Attempt to Rebuild, [68], [69], App. [IV.]
• ” Lord, [345].
• ” Sir W., [305].
• Tertullian, [52] n.
• Texel, [292].
• Theiss, River, [366].
• Thema, [162].
• Theodoric I., [82].
• Theodorus, [74].
• Theodosius I., Emperor, [72].
• ” II., ”, [72] n., [76], [83].
• Theresa Maria, [327], [335].
• Theudas, [23] n.
• Thirty Years’ War, [286].
• Thomas, Father, [374].
• ” Island of, [246].
• ” St., [115].
• Thonon (Thun), [205].
• Tiberias, [56], [157], [162], [377].
• Tiberius, Emperor, [20].
• Tigris, River, [161].
• Timour, the Tartar, [277].
• Titus, Emperor, [26-41].
• Toland, John, [341].
• Toledo, [101], [206], [128], [145].
• ” Council at, [101], [102].
• Toro, [233].
• Torquemada, Thomas, [235] n., [264], [354].
• Tortosa, [230].
• Toulouse, [123], [301].
• ” Count of, [122].
• Tours, Battle of, [122].
• Trajan, Emperor, [42].
• Trani, [200].
• Trent, [220].
• Treves, [140].
• ” Bishop of, [141].
• Tribotti, Nathan, [331].
• Tripoli, [281].
• Tucker, Rev. Mr., [344].
• Tudela, Benjamin of. See Benjamin.
• Tunis, [281].
• Turcomans, [111].
• Turkestan, [116].
• Turkey, [289], [334], [308].
• Turks, [137].
• Tyaneus, Apollonius, [59].
• Tyre, [162].
• Tyropæon, [29].
• Tzaddik, [325], [334].
• U.
• Ukraine, [289].
• United States, [373].
• Urban VI., Pope, [202].
• Ustazades, [67].
• Utrecht, [220].
• Uziel, Isaac, [299].
• V.
• Valencia, [217], [240].
• Valens, Emperor, [71].
• Valentinian, Emperor, [71].
• Valladolid, [231], [232].
• Valori, [256] n.
• Vandals, [96].
• Van Ende, Physician, [295].
• Varanes (Behram), King of Persia, [86].
• Varus, [26].
• Vaughan, General, [347].
• Venice, [222], [258], [305].
• Vera, Juan de, [175].
• Verdun, [191].
• Verona, [222], [258].
• Vespasian, Emperor, [28], [29], [39].
• Vienna, [272], [290].
• ” Council at, [169].
• Villars, M., [301].
• Virga, Solomon ben, [250].
• Virgin Mary, [116].
• Visigoths, [100].
• Vitellius, Emperor, [29].
• ” Prefect, [21].
• Vitringa, [290].
• Vitry, [192].
• Voltaire, [321], [326].
• Vorburg, [295].
• Vossius, T., [284].
• W.
• Wallachia, [333].
• Walsingham, [166].
• Wamba, King of Goths, [103].
• ” ”, Languedoc, [105].
• Wathek, Al, [110].
• Wellington, Duke of, [349].
• Wenceslaus, Emperor, [209].
• Wessely, [337].
• Westphalia, [290].
• Whately, Archbishop, [351].
• William I., King of England, [133].
• ” II. ” ”, [133], [148].
• William III., King of England, [304].
• Wilna, [333].
• Witiza, King of Goths, [103], [104].
• Wolfsohn, [337] n.
• Worms, [141], [286].
• X.
• Ximenes, Cardinal, [261].
• Y.
• Yemen, [92], [376].
• Yermouk, [95].
• Yezdegird, King of Persia, [91], [94].
• York, [134], [150], [275].
• Yusef, Emir, [112].
• ” King, [133] n.
• Z.
• Zacchæus, [161].
• Zacchai, David, [129].
• Zacharias, Bishop of Jerusalem, [87].
• ” False Messiah, [177].
• ” Rabbi, [288].
• ” Russian Jew, [273].
• Zamora, Council at, [212].
• Zarephath, [340] n.
• Zealots, [26], [30], [31].
• Zebedee, Pharisee, [288].
• Zedekias, Physician, [126].
• Zeigler, Rabbi, [292].
• Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, [60].
• Zion, Mount, [29].
• Zoffingen, [205].
• Zohar, Book of, [54], [332] n., Appendix [III.]
• Zonaras, [72].
• Zoroaster, [69] n.
• Zosimus, [273].
• Zunz, Leopold, [363].
• Zutia, [85] n.
• Zutphen, [219].

Transcriber’s Notes

pg 1 Changed spelling of Chrosroes 79 to: Chosroes
pg 2 Changed spelling of Sepher-Yetsira to: Yetzira
pg 392 Changed spelling of Sepher-Yetsira to: Sepher-Yetzira
pg 19 Added word intelligent not be: not to be
pg 19 Added period to: evasion of her claims
pg 49 Combined words strong and holds to: into their strongholds
pg 50 Changed comma to period at: tenanted the streets
pg 57 Added period to: A.D 429
pg 63 Changed comma to period after: demand his submission
pg 71 Changed chapter heading dates from 365-429 to: 363-429
pg 89 Changed spelling of illustrous to: illustrious tribe of the Koreish
pg 109 Removed repeated word of from: Gospels, of of the length
pg 110 Changed one of the Abbasside Caliphs to: Abasside
pg 126 Added comma to: refused an audience
pg 133 Changed Yusef, king of the Almorarides to: Almoravides
pg 146 Added period to: with by the government
pg 153 Changed conciliate their good-will to: goodwill
pg 155 Changed comma to period after: Tale of Alroy
pg 162 Fixed spacing for: difficult tor econcile to: to reconcile
pg 172 Removed unnecessary comma from: A.D. 1233
pg 200 Changed word eat to seat at: occupation of the eat
pg 203 Added The Jews in to chapter heading
pg 206 Changed privy to and articipators to: participators
pg 207 Added period to: punishing the offenders
pg 228 Added period to: other Christian States
pg 238 Changed spelling of considering the irreconcileable to: irreconcilable
pg 262 Changed spelling of: aterwards returned to his to: afterwards
pg 291 Changed lay in a lifelong to: life-long
pg 300 Changed spelling of: already rcorded to: recorded
pg 302 Changed advantage to grant re-admission to: readmission
pg 307 Added period to: attained a great reputation
pg 314 Added period to: among the transgressors
pg 337 Changed , to semicolon at: professor at Breslau
pg 345 Added period to: this unfortunate measure
pg 347 Added period to: part in Jewish affairs
pg 357 Changed scarcely more that a year to: than
pg 363 Changed spelling full rights of citzenship to: citizenship
pg 367 Changed wanted it except or to: for
pg 373 Changed free schools, alms-houses to: almshouses
pg 383 Added period to: amount to 600,000
pg 404 Changed spelling of: On one occassion to: occasion
pg 407 Changed spelling of Bokkara to: Bokhara to match pg 376
pg 407 Changed spelling of Alkikoran, 128 to: Alkihoran
Added missing punctuation where needed in the Index
Various accented and non-accented words left as written
Added word The to various chapter headings