The Abbeys of Great Britain

by H. Claiborne Dixon

[DUNFERMLINE (Mitred Benedictine)]

1072, Founded by Malcolm Canmore on site of a former Culdee monastery—1124, Remodelled as a Benedictine house and monks of that order placed there by David I.—1250, The choir, central tower, transept and Lady chapel added to the nave—Restored in the 14th century after partial destruction by Edward I.—1560, Plundered by Presbyterian mob; the nave only escapes destruction—1818-21, Present church built.

In the case of Dunfermline, the Westminster Abbey of Scotland, the most ancient, and consequently the most interesting part of the building has survived the onward tread of many centuries, and though now only in the form of a vestibule to the modern church, was once the nave of the minster founded here in the 11th century. Its architectural features somewhat resemble those of Durham and Lindisfarne with their stern Norman characteristics. It is of eight bays with massive pillars (20 feet high by 13 feet 6 inches in circumference), some of which are spirally channelled, while two have chevron mouldings, it has also a very rich Norman north door, some Early English windows in the aisles, and a triforium and clerestory composed of round headed arches. The nave was the first piece of Norman work in Scotland, and from the 16th to the 19th century was used as the parish church of the district. The sound of an organ was heard for the first time in Scotland within its walls. The west front (Decorated) has a fine recessed portal with a four light window with Geometrical tracery above. The western towers and north west porch are also of the Decorated period, while the presbytery is entirely Early English work. An interesting feature of the newly erected modern Gothic church is the balustrade on the tower which covers the site of Bruce’s grave (discovered during the recent rebuilding of the church), and has terminals in shape of letters reading “King Robert the Bruce,” “a modern apotheosis of the murderer of Comyn by men who cannot tolerate the Cross, the symbol of salvation.” Of the other buildings, only the south wall and west gable of the refectory, the gate-way with the “pended” tower, and some portions of the abbot’s lodge remain. Beneath the refectory are twenty-six cells.

The ancient mitred abbey measured 276 feet by 66 feet, was cruciform and of mixed architectural periods. For many centuries Dunfermline was the frequent residence of Scottish monarchs, and for more than two centuries the kings were buried within its walls; notably the royal Founder, King Edgar, Alexander I., Alexander III., David I. and Malcolm IV. The monks had great influence in the neighbourhood and the monastery was richly endowed.

Dunfermline, the “City of Fife,” stands on a long swelling ridge above the Forth, and, viewed from the south with its background of Cleish hills, presents a most striking aspect.

INDEX

[A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [K], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [W], [Y]

ABEN, a fugitive, [84]
Aberac, Celtic name of York, [34]
Adam, abbot of Meaux, [61]
Adams, abbot of Valle Crucis, [167]
Adeliza, Queen, [83]
Adrian IV., Pope, [161]
Ældred, abbot of Rievaulx, [49]
Agatha, St, [50], [52]
Aidan, St, [5], [17], [18], [187]
Aifwardus, abbot of Evesham, [147]
Ailesbury, Earls of, [44], [45]
Aislabie, William, [63]
Alban, St, British martyr, [2], [27], [161], [162], [163], [164]
Albert, archbishop of York, [36]
Albini, Gundreda de, [42], [43]
Alcuin, schoolman of York, [34]
Aldhelm, St, [7], [88], [89], [124]
Aldwius, bishop of East Anglia, [112]
Alexander, abbot of Kirkstall, [74]
Alexander II., Pope, [112]
Alneto, Robertus, hermit of Hode, [42]
Amphibalus, St, [161], [163]
Anselm, abbot of Bury St Edmunds, [115]
Aragon, Catherine of, [78]
Archibald, St, [6]
Ardern, Thomas, [78]
Arimathea, St Joseph of, [1], [122]
Arthur, King, [2], [122], [123], [124], [135]
Arviragas, King, [122], [123]
Aschewine, bishop of Dorchester, [140]
Asser, Bishop, [98]
Athanasius, St, [1]
Athelstan, King of Wessex, [37], [78], [89]
Aucherius, abbot of Reading, [82]
Augustine, St, [1], [4], [98], [99], [122], [151]
Auxerre, city of, [3], [57], [58]
BALDWIN, abbot, [112]
Baliol, Robert, [189]
Baliol, Edward, [178]
Baliol, John, [195]
Baliol, Bernard de, [20]
Bauzan, Richard, [104]
Beatoun, archbishop, [172]
Beauchamp, Beatrice de, [184]
Bede, the Venerable, [7], [22], [23], [24]
Bedford, Robert, (tomb), [141]
Bellenden, Robert de, [178]
Benedict, St, [58]
Bennet, William, prior of Finchale, [26]
Bernard, St of Clairvaux, [49], [64]
Berthwald, King, [88]
Betun, Roger de, bishop of Hereford, [136]
Bewfforest, Sir Richard, abbot of Dorchester (tomb), [141]
Bewfforest, Richard (tomb), [141]
Bienfaite, Richard de, [133], [134]
Bigod, Hugh, [134]
Bigod, Roger, [134]
Birinus, St, [5], [139], [141]
Bird, prior of Bath, [128]
Biscop, Benedict, [6], [22], [23]
Biwell, Walter, chaplain to Bernard de Baliol, [20]
Blois, Henry de, [94], [95], [122]
Bohemia, Anne of, [155]
Bonham, Sir William, [178]
Boreham, Richard, abbot of St Albans, [161]
Bowes, Sir G., [182], [183], [184], [189]
Bradley, abbot of Fountains, [63]
Bradley, Dean, [160]
Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk, [13], [115]
Breton, Bishop J., [122]
Brewster, Sir David, [187]
Brittany, Alan of, Earl of Richmond, 34
Bronescombe, Walter de, bishop of Exeter, [104]
Browne, Sir Anthony, [79]
Bruce, Robert, [174], [176], [187], [189], [198]
Bruce, Edward, [170]
Burgh, Hubert de, [111]
Byron, Sir J., [13], [143], [144]
CÆDMON, Anglican poet, [7]
Cæsar, Claudius, [1]
Cæn, Paul de, abbot of St Albans, [161]
Canmore, Malcolm, [197]
Canute, King, [9], [114]
Caradercus, Duke of Cornwall, [124]
Caractacus, [1], [124]
Carnaby, Sir R., [21]
Cavendish, Lord Frederick, [71]
Caxton, William, [159]
Cérisy, Walter of, [147], [149]
Chad, St, [6]
Chamberlayne, Edward, [178]
Chantry, Bishop Rogers, [98]
Chaucer, Geoffrey, [184]
Cheney, Sir T., [77], [78]
Chinnock, John de, [126]
Christina, abbess of Romsey, [95]
Chrysostom, St, [1]
Claughton, Thomas Leigh, bishop of St Albans, [161]
Clement, Abbot, [98]
Clifford, Henry, Earl of Cumberland, [71]
Clinton, Lord Edward, [109]
Coel, king of Britain, [124]
Columba, St, [17], [169]
Comyn, William, Earl of Buchan, [169]
Constantine the Great, [27]
Corbeuil, William de, archbishop of Canterbury, [76]
Cowley, Abraham, [82]
Crawfurd, Abbot, [178], [182]
Cromwell, Oliver, [89], [108]
Cromwell, Secretary, [21]
Curteys, abbot of Bury St Edmunds, [116]
Cuthbert, St, [6], [17], [18], [187], [188]
Cynegils, king of Wessex, [5], [139]
DACRE, Lord, [189]
Darnley, Lord, [180]
David, St, [135]
Davell, Henry, abbot of Whitby, [54]
Denmark, Margaret, princess of, [175], [178]
Denny, Sir A., [117], [119]
Dent, William, abbot of St Mary’s, York, [34]
Devergoil, Lady, [195], [196]
Devonshire, Amicia, Countess of, [103]
Diocletian, Emperor of Rome, [2], [27]
Douglas, Archibald, Earl of, [194]
Douglas, Margaret, Countess of, [195]
Drake, Sir Francis, [103], [104], [143]
Drayton, Sir J. (tomb), [141]
Dromore, bishop of, [50]
Drostan, St, [169]
Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, [8], [125]
ECGFRID, king of Northumbria, [20], [22]
Edmund, St, king and martyr, [7], [112], [124]
Edmund, Ironsides, [9], [124]
Edgar, king of Wessex, [8], [124], [128]
Edred, son of Edward the Elder, [84], [106]
Edward, the Elder, [94], [112]
Edward, the Confessor, [9], [112]
Edwaldus, brother of St Edmund, king and martyr, [98]
Edwin, king of Northumbria, [27], [35], [36]
Egremont, boy of, [70]
Egclwya, bishop of Durham, [84]
Egwine, St., [147], [149]
Elfrida, queen of Wessex, [100]
Elwina, abbess of Romsey, [95]
Eneas, [34]
Elyote, John, [102]
Eoves, a shepherd, [149]
Ercombert, king of Kent, [76]
Ethelmer, Earl of Cornwall, [98]
Erinsuis, chaplain to Queen Maud, [135], [136]
Espec, Walter, 49
Ethelbald, king of Mercia, [106]
Ethelburga, queen of Northumbria, [27], [35]
Ethelbert, king of Kent, [4]
Ethelbert of East Anglia, [162]
Ethelburh, queen of Wessex, [124], [125]
Ethelfleda, daughter of Oswy, king of Northumbria, [54]
Ethelmer, Earl of Cornwall, [98]
Etheldreda, queen of Northumbria, [20]
Ethelred, king of Mercia, [149]
Ethelred the Unready, [9], [100], [101], [147]
Ethelwerdus, or Egelwaldus, [98]
Ethelwold, abbot of Abingdon, [84], [85]
Ethelwold, archbishop of Winchester, [94]
Eugenius II, [84], [108]
Eure, Sir Ralph, [184], [191], [193]
FAIRFAX, [37]
Fane, Sir H., [79]
Farringdon, Henry, abbot of Reading, [82]
Fastolph, abbot of Fountains, [67]
Felix, St, the “Apostle of East Anglia,” [5]
Ferrars, Robert, Earl of, [120], [122]
Fillan, St, [174]
Finchale, Godricus de, [24], [25], [26]
Finian, St, of Clonard, [3]
Fitz-Alan, Walter, [196]
FitzBardolph, Akarius, [44], [46]
Fitz-Hamon, Robert, [130]
Frampton, Sir Robert, [90]
France, King John of, [161]
Frithwaldus, governor of the Province of Surrey, [81]
Fuller, Robert, abbot of Waltham, [117]
Fursey, a Scottish monk, [5]
GALLOWAY, Fergus, Lord of, [194]
Gausbertus, abbot of Battle, [80]
Geoffrey, abbot of Croyland, [106], [107]
Gerald, abbot of Furness, [40], [42]
Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, [2]
Germanus, St, monk of Auxerre, [57]
Gildas, British historian, [1]
Gilmer, [80]
Giraldus, abbot of Tewkesbury, [132]
Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, [112]
Gloucester, Walter de, [137]
Godwin, [147]
Grainvilla, Richard de, [165]
Gregory, Pope, [4], [151]
Gregory, abbot of Stanlawe, [31]
Grendon, Serle de, [142]
Gresham, Sir Richard, [63]
Greslei, Robert, [109]
Grenville, Sir R., [103]
Grimstone, Hugh, abbot of Kirkstall, [74]
Grimthorpe, Lord, [161]
Gross, William de, Earl of Albemarle, [61], [108]
Guthlac, St, [106]
Guinevere, Queen, [124]
HADRIAN, [35]
Hamilton, Patrick, abbot of Fearn, [172]
Harold, Earl [19], [117]
Hastings, Sir R., [191], [193]
Hay, James, Earl of Carlisle, [119]
Hearn, Viceroy of Wiltshire, [84], [85]
Helias, abbot of Selby, [60]
Hengist, [84]
Herfastus, Bishop, [114]
Herlwin, Abbot, [122]
Herman, Bishop, [96]
Heron, John, a Border robber, [21]
Hertford, Earl of, [183], [186], [189], [193]
Hereford, Earl of Milo, [135]
Hilda, abbess of Hartlepool, [54]
Hoby, Sir Philip, [147]
Holland, Gilbert de, [110]
Honorius, Pope, [5], [139], [161]
Horsey, Sir J., [96]
Huby, Marmaduke, abbot of Fountains, [66]
Hugh, bishop of Durham, [24]
Hugh, abbot of Reading, 82
Hugh, dean of York, [65]
Hume, John, [193]
IGNATIUS, Father, [135]
Ina, king of the West Saxons, [96], [122], [124], [125]
Innocent, Pope, [88]
Insula, de, prior of Finchale, [26]
Islip, abbot of Westminster, [156]
JEROME, St, [1]
Joanna, wife of Alexander II, [187]
KENREDUS, king of Mercia, [147]
Kent, John of, [63], [66]
King, Bishop, [128], [129]
Kingston, John of, [46]
Kintevymus, King, [124]
Knox, John, [15], [172], [186]
LACY, William de, [136]
Lacy, Hugh de, [135], [136]
Lacy, Henry de, [55], [72], [74]
Lamberton, William, bishop of St Andrews, [176]
Lancaster, William de, [28]
Lancaster, Aveline de, [156]
Landon, Walter, [135]
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, [158], [162]
Langton, Archbishop, [115]
Layton, Sir B., [182], [183], [184], [185]
Lee, Archbishop, [21]
Leeds, John, [44]
Leving, bishop of Worcester, [100]
Lennox, Matthew, Earl of, [44]
Lesly, Norman, [184]
Lichfield, Clement, Earl of Evesham, [148]
Lidgate, poet, [116]
Littlington, [159]
Longespee, William, Earl of Salisbury, [90]
Longespee, Ella, Countess of Salisbury, [90]
Lothian, Marquis of, [193]
Lucius, king of Britain, [2], [151], [158]
Lucy, Sir B., [92]
Lutherius, bishop of Winchester, [88]
Lupus, bishop of Troyes, [2]
MACALPINE, Kenneth, [186], [188]
Madoc ap Griffith Madoc, [167]
Mare, Thomas de la, abbot of St Albans, [161]
Marivanna, abbess of Romsey, [94]
Maurice, abbot of Inchaffray, [174]
Maydulphus, [88]
Mellitus, Italian missionary, [151], [158]
Meschines, William de, [68], [70]
Meschines, Cecile de, [68], [70]
Modanus, St, [183]
Molême, Robert de, [64]
Montague, Earl of, [63]
Montague, Bishop, [129]
Montfort, Earl Simon de, [147], [150], [157]
Moon, Richard, abbot of Bolton, [68], [71]
Morganwg, Lewis, [165]
More, Sir Thos., [159]
Morton, Stephen, Earl of, [28]
Morville, Hugo de, Lord Lauderdale, [184], [193]
Mowbray, Roger de, [42], [43]
NASH, Beau, [129]
Northwode, John de (brass), [77]
Northwode, Joan de ( “ ), [77]
North, Colonel, [72]
ODDO & Doddo, Dukes of Mercia, [130]
Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, [8], [125]
Offa, king of Mercia, [128], [147], [151], [158], [161], [162], [163]
Oliver, Abbot, Royal Ambassador of England, [184]
Ordgarus, Earl of Devonshire, [100]
Ordulf, son of Ordgarus, Earl of Devonshire, [100], [101]
Osbert, abbot of Jedburgh, [193]
Oswald, king of Northumbria, [5], [17]
Oswy, king of Northumbria, [36], [54]
Otringham, Richard de, 61
PARKER, abbot of Tewkesbury, [132]
Paslow, John, abbot of Whalley, [33]
Patrick, Canon, poet, [184]
Patrick, St, [122]
Paulet, Sir William, [91]
Paulinus, St, [5], [31], [35], [122]
Pembroke, William, Earl of, [133]
Penda, king of Mercia, [5], [36]
Penryn, John, abbot of Tavistock, [101], [102]
Percy, Henry, [109], [163]
Percy, William de, Lord of Whitby, [54]
Philip, abbot of Byland, [42]
Pickering, Sir William, [44]
Ptolemy, Alexandrian geographer, [35]
Pudsey, Henry, [26]
Pyke, Roger, abbot of Furness, [28], [31]
QUINIACUS, Peter de, A monk of Savigny, [44], [46]
RAINCOURT, Guido de, [55]
Ramyge, abbot of St Albans, [163]
Remigius, bishop of Dorchester, [139]
Reinfrid, abbot of Whitby, [54]
Richmond, Alan, Earl of, [44], [46]
Richmond, Conan, Earl of, [47]
Ripley, John, abbot of Kirkstall, [72]
Risdon, [101]
Robert, Bishop, [128]
Roger, bishop of Sarum, [136]
Roger, bishop of Salisbury, [96]
Roaldus, Constable of England, [50]
Romaine, John, archdeacon of Richmond, [52]
Romille, Alice de, [68], [70]
Russell, Lord, [13], [100]
SALETH, hermit, [74]
Samson, Abbot of Bury St Edmunds, [115]
Scudamore, John, Lord, [121]
Scott, Michael, [187]
Scott, Walter, Sir, of Buccleuch, [184]
Scrope, Richard, [51]
Sebert, king of the East Saxons, [158]
Sedbergh, Adam, abbot of Jervaulx, [44]
Serlo, dean of York, [63], [65]
Sevam, robber, [59]
Severus, [35]
Sexburga, Queen, [76]
Shaw, George, [196]
Sigberct, king of East Anglia, [5], [112]
Sigge, a robber, [59]
Shurland, Robert de (tomb), [77]
Skelton, first Poet Laureate, [159]
Somerset, Protector, [189]
Sparke, Thomas, prior of Lindisfarne, [18]
Staunton, John, abbot of Dale, [143]
Stockton, Sir John, [109]
Strail, James, [184]
Stratherne, Gilbert, Earl of, [174]
Strehall, prior of Finchale, [26]
Strode, Ralphe de, [184]
Stumpe, William, clothier, [88]
Surrey, Lord, [191], [193]
Sweyn, [9], [95], [113], [128]
TANNER, William, [141]
Taylor, Walter, [92]
Theocus, hermit, [130]
Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, [6]
Thirlby, bishop of Westminster, [159]
Thomas, archbishop of York, [19], [20]
Thurstan, archbishop of York, [42], [64]
Thurstan, abbot of Glastonbury, [122], [126]
Tison, Gilbert, standard-bearer of England, [55]
Tickhill, John of, [25]
Tosti, dean of York, [63], [65]
Tovi, standard-bearer to Canute, 117
Tudor, Mary, queen of France, [115]
Tyler, William, M.A., [102]
UCHTRED, [194]
Ultcyter, abbot of Croyland, [106]
VALENCE, Aymer de (tomb), [156]
Villula, John de, [128]
WAKEMAN, John, abbot of Tewkesbury, [130]
Wake, Sir William, Bart., D.C.L., [117]
Wallace, William, [171]
Wallingford, William, abbot of St Albans, [163]
Ware, abbot of Westminster, [157]
Warham, archbishop of Canterbury, [78]
Warwick, abbot Simon of, [34], [40]
Watts, Dr, [92]
Whiting, Richard, abbot of Glastonbury, [122], [127]
Wilberforce, Samuel, dean of Westminster, [160]
Wilfrid, St, [5], [19]
William, prior of Wycombe, [135]
Williams, Sir Richard, [166]
Wishart, George, [172]
Wolsey, Cardinal, [12], [13], [78], [97]
Wulfar, king of Mercia, [81]
Wulfsiu, Bishop, [96]
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, [98]
YORK, John of, [66]

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FOOTNOTES: