Nos. 4, 11, 14, 16 are examples of other species with the foramen placed as in the last group, only less near to the proximal end, while it enters obliquely, being directed distally from the broad concave area proximal to it. The largest proximal ends known, such as No. 2, which though very imperfect measures 23/4 inches over what remains of the articular surface, appear to conform to this latter type.
Distally the humerus No. 30 enlarges, widening rapidly on the radial side, which is bordered near the distal end by a sharp ridge showing a muscular attachment, while the ulnar side is rounded and rather inflated. The articular surface looks downward and in the direction of the radial process. There is a mesial concavity on the radial side which is bordered on the right and on the left by a prominent rounded condyle, and behind by a condyloid convexity. On that side which in conformity with the nomenclature applied to birds' bones, has here been named the ulnar side, the ulnar and mesial condyles are impressed with a flattened slightly concave sub-rhomboid area, which looks downward, backward, and towards the ulnar side. These characters are not well seen in No. 30, but may be effectively studied in their specific variations in Nos. 36, 37, 42, 43, 44, 45, and 46.
Nos. 20, 21, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, are examples of the distal ends of humeri of a different type. They are mostly larger than the preceding group, and correspond in characters with the large proximal ends, but appear to be separable into two groups, namely those with a pneumatic foramen on the anterior radial side near to the articular surface, and those where no pneumatic foramen is seen. Unlike the previously considered type, the ulnar side is sometimes more inflated than the radial side.
The mesial condyle in this group appears in every case to be an epiphysis, which is wanting. The radial condyle becomes a large flattened slightly convex surface looking downwards, which in some of the species, as Nos. 21 and 32 (in other respects remarkable species), shows an approach to a trochlear character on its anterior side. In Nos. 33, 34 and 35 the mesial anterior concavity becomes flattened and abuts at an angle against the flattened radial condyle. No. 20 shows the rhomboid impression on the ulnar side to be more concave and more ovate. The ulnar condyle remains a smaller but prominent tubercle directed distally. Nos. 21, 22 and 34 show a ridge developed on the ulnar side of the shaft like that on the radial side in the other group, while the radial ridge is not so near to the articular surface. The largest and smallest distal ends of humeri known, both show the characters here enumerated. The great distal end of a left humerus, figured by Prof. Owen, Pl. IV. f. 1, 2, 3 of the 1st Supplement to the Cretaceous Pterosauria, is of this kind, and though imperfect measures more than three inches over what remains of the articular surface. In the small humerus, No. 30, the width over the distal articular surface is 5/8ths of an inch. If it is assumed that the large bone was no more than 5 times the length of the small one, the entire length of the humerus would have been about twelve inches. The smallest humerus, No. 29, measures over the shaft rather more than one eighth of an inch.
The Ornithosaurian humerus has but little in common with that of any mammal. Most mammals have the proximal head of the bone hemispherical, and a pit at the distal end for the olecranon process of the ulna, while there is usually little indication of a radial crest, and the proximal and distal ends are in the same plane. In the Bat however the bone is twisted a little so that the slight radial crest looks in the same direction as the distal end, here also there is no pit for the olecranon; but the bone is sigmoid and proportionally much longer than in Pterodactyles. In the horse, hippopotamus, &c., the radial process becomes more developed but never resembles that of a Pterodactyle.
Among reptiles, the bone may be compared with lizards and crocodiles. In crocodiles the proximal and distal ends are nearly in the same plane, the distal end has two condyles, the head is convex from side to side, and the radial crest is moderately developed and never extends so far outward or so far proximally as in Pterodactyle. In the Chameleon the bone is more twisted than in Crocodile, and as in Pterodactyle the distal end is compressed on the radial side to a sharp margin. In Iguana, Scink, and Monitor both proximal and distal ends are much expanded, and the radial process makes no approximation to that of a Pterodactyle.
The bird humerus does not approximate more closely in form to that of the Pterodactyle than does the Chameleon humerus, though it has the cardinal distinction of pneumatic foramina, and these sometimes corresponding in position in the two groups.
The bird humerus is commonly longer, though in the parrots the proportions and straightness are not unlike Pterodactyle. In some respects a nearer resemblance is seen in the raptorial bird Gypogeranus serpentarius, in which the radial process is rather more developed than in the Crocodile, and extends further proximally though still much smaller than in Pterodactyle; here too the superior surface is concave from side to side, and the distal articulation is not unlike that of some Pterodactyles. But no Pterodactyle has the head of the humerus convex from the radial to the ulnar sides, and the bird is distinctive in having the ulnar crest developed on the inferior side of the head: a faint approximation to a similar development is seen in Crocodile, but there is no trace of such a process in Pterodactyle. The distal end is more Bird-like than Lacertian in form, but is twisted to a greater angle with the proximal end than in birds.
Altogether the bone is distinctive. The points in which it is unlike birds and reptiles are those in which Birds and Lizards resemble each other; it would not be easy to say that in form it resembles one group more than the other. But it is linked with birds by the pneumatic foramina.