PAGE
Life in the Early Palæozoic[11]
Time-chart from Earliest Life to 40,000,000 Years Ago[14]
Life in the Later Palæozoic Age[19]
Australian Lung Fish[26]
Some Reptiles of the Late Palæozoic Age[27]
Astronomical Variations Affecting Climate[33]
Some Mesozoic Reptiles[40]
Later Mesozoic Reptiles[42]
Pterodactyls and Archæopteryx[45]
Hesperornis[48]
Some Oligocene Mammals[53]
Miocene Mammals[58]
Time-diagram of the Glacial Ages[60]
Early Pleistocene Animals, Contemporary with Earliest Man[64]
The Sub-Man Pithecanthropus[65]
The Riddle of the Piltdown Sub-Man[71]
Map of Europe 50,000 Years Ago[77]
Neanderthal Man[78]
Early Stone Implements[81]
Australia and the Western Pacific in the Glacial Age[82]
Cro-magnon Man[87]
Europe and Western Asia in the Later Palæolithic Age[89]
Reindeer Age Articles[90]
A Reindeer Age Masterpiece[93]
Reindeer Age Engravings and Carvings[94]
Diagram of the Estimated Duration of the True Human Periods[97]
Neolithic Implements[107]
Restoration of a Lake Dwelling[111]
Pottery from Lake Dwellings[112]
Hut Urns[115]
A Menhir of the Neolithic Period[128]
Bronze Age Implements[132]
Diagram Showing the Duration of the Neolithic Period[133]
Heads of Australoid Types[139]
Bushwoman[141]
Negro Types[142]
Mongolian Types[143]
Caucasian Types[144]
Map of Europe, Asia, Africa 15,000 Years Ago[145]
The Swastika[147]
Relationship of Human Races (Diagrammatic Summary)[149]
Possible Development of Languages[155]
Racial Types (after Champollion)[163]
Combat between Menelaus and Hector[176]
Archaic Horses and Chariots[178]
The Cradle of Western Civilization[185]
Sumerian Warriors in Phalanx[189]
Assyrian Warrior (temp. Sargon II)[193]
Time-chart 6000 B.C. to A.D.[196]
The Cradle of Chinese Civilization (Map)[202]
Boats on Nile about 2500 B.C.[211]
Egyptian Ship on Red Sea, 1250 B.C.[212]
Ægean Civilization (Map)[214]
A Votary of the Snake Goddess[215]
American Indian Picture-Writing[225]
Egyptian Gods—Set, Anubis, Typhon, Bes[236]
Egyptian Gods—Thoth-lunus, Hathor, Chnemu[239]
An Assyrian King and His Chief Minister[243]
Pharaoh Chephren[248]
Pharaoh Rameses III as Osiris (Sarcophagus relief)[249]
Pharaoh Akhnaton[251]
Egyptian Peasants (Pyramid Age)[257]
Brawl among Egyptian Boatmen (Pyramid Age)[260]
Egyptian Social Types (From Tombs)[261]
The Land of the Hebrews[280]
Aryan-speaking Peoples 1000-500 B.C. (Map)[301]
Hellenic Races 1000-800 B.C. (Map)[302]
Greek Sea Fight, 550 B.C.[303]
Rowers in an Athenian Warship, 400 B.C.[306]
Scythian Types[319]
Median and Second Babylonian Empires (in Nebuchadnezzar’s Reign)[321]
The Empire of Darius[329]
Wars of the Greeks and Persians (Map)[333]
Athenian Foot-soldier[334]
Persian Body-guard (from Frieze at Susa)[338]
The World According to Herodotus[341]
Athene of the Parthenon[348]
Philip of Macedon[368]
Growth of Macedonia under Philip[371]
Macedonian Warrior (bas-relief from Pella)[373]
Campaigns of Alexander the Great[381]
Alexander the Great[389]
Break-up of Alexander’s Empire[393]
Seleucus I[395]
Later State of Alexander’s Empire[398]
The World According to Eratosthenes, 200 B.C.[405]
The Known World, about 250 B.C.[406]
Isis and Horus[413]
Serapis[414]
The Rise of Buddhism[419]
Hariti[428]
Chinese Image of Kuan-yin[429]
The Spread of Buddhism[432]
Indian Gods—Vishnu, Brahma, Siva[437]
Indian Gods—Krishna, Kali, Ganesa[439]
The Western Mediterranean, 800-600 B.C.[446]
Early Latium[447]
Burning the Dead: Etruscan Ceremony[449]
Statuette of a Gaul[450]
Roman Power after the Samnite Wars[451]
Samnite Warriors[452]
Italy after 275 B.C.[453]
Roman Coin Celebrating the Victory over Pyrrhus[455]
Mercury[457]
Carthaginian Coins[468]
Roman As[471]
Rome and its Alliances, 150 B.C.[481]
Gladiators[489]
Roman Power, 50 B.C.[506]
Julius Cæsar[512]
Roman Empire at Death of Augustus[518]
Roman Empire in Time of Trajan[524]
Asia and Europe: Life of the Period (Map)[544]
Central Asia, 200-100 B.C.[547]
Tracks of Migrating and Raiding Peoples, 1-700 A.D.[555]
Eastern Roman Empire[561]
Constantinople (Maps to show value of its position)[563]
Galilee[571]
Map of Europe, 500 A.D.[608]
The Eastern Empire and the Sassanids[620]
Asia Minor, Syria, and Mesopotamia[622]
Ephthalite Coin[629]
Chinese Empire, Tang Dynasty[633]
Yuan Chwang’s Route from China to India[643]

BOOK I
THE MAKING OF OUR WORLD

THE OUTLINE OF HISTORY

I
THE EARTH IN SPACE AND TIME

THE earth on which we live is a spinning globe. Vast though it seems to us, it is a mere speck of matter in the greater vastness of space.

Space is, for the most part, emptiness. At great intervals there are in this emptiness flaring centres of heat and light, the “fixed stars.” They are all moving about in space, notwithstanding that they are called fixed stars, but for a long time men did not realize their motion. They are so vast and at such tremendous distances that their motion is not perceived. Only in the course of many thousands of years is it appreciable. These fixed stars are so far off that, for all their immensity, they seem to be, even when we look at them through the most powerful telescopes, mere points of light, brighter or less bright. A few, however, when we turn a telescope upon them, are seen to be whirls and clouds of shining vapour which we call nebulæ. They are so far off that a movement of millions of miles would be imperceptible.

One star, however, is so near to us that it is like a great ball of flame. This one is the sun. The sun is itself in its nature like a fixed star, but it differs from the other fixed stars in appearance because it is beyond comparison nearer than they are; and because it is nearer men have been able to learn something of its nature. Its mean distance from the earth is ninety-three million miles. It is a mass of flaming matter, having a diameter of 866,000 miles. Its bulk is a million and a quarter times the bulk of our earth.