[76] Megalithic monuments have been made quite recently by primitive Indian peoples.
[77] For some interesting suggestions in this matter, see W. H. R. Rivers, “Sun Cult and Megaliths in Oceana” (American Anthropologist (N.S.), vol. xvii). Hose and MacDougall, The Pagan Tribes of Borneo, contains some very interesting parallelisms between the culture of modern Borneo and the prehistoric culture of southern Europe. See also Dr. W. Warde Fowler’s “Ancient Italy and Modern Borneo” in the Journal of Roman Studies (1916).
[78] Sir Arthur Evans suggests that in America sign-language arose before speech, because the sign-language is common to all Indians in North America, whereas the languages are different. See his Anthropology and the Classics.—G. M.
Samuel Butler (Note Books) suggests that language was “originally confined to a few scholars.”—G. Wh.
[79] See article “Grammar” in the Encyclopædia Britannica.
[80] Sir H. H. Johnston gives this estimate in his Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages.
[81] Greek—ox-ford.
[82] Ratsel (quoted in the Ency. Brit., art. “Caspian”).
[83] Encyclopædia Britannica, article “Japan.”
[84] The four characters indicating “Affairs, query, imperative, old,” placed in that order, for example, represent “Why walk in the ancient ways?” The Chinaman gives the bare cores of his meaning; the Englishman gets to it by a bold metaphor. He may be talking of conservatism in cooking or in bookbinding, but he will say: “Why walk in the ancient ways?” Mr. Arthur Waley, in the interesting essay on Chinese thought and poetry which precedes his book, 170 Chinese Poems (Constable, 1918), makes it clear how in these fields Chinese thought is kept practical and restricted by the limitations upon metaphor the linguistic structure of Chinese imposes. See also Hirst, Ancient History of China, ch. vii.