[339] Vide Stubbs’ History of Germany in the Middle Ages, and Bryce’s Holy Roman Empire.
[340] The Lateran was the earlier palace of the Popes in Rome. Later they occupied the Vatican.
[341] Eginhard’s Life of Karl the Great. (Glaister.)
[342] The addition was discreetly opposed by Leo III. “In the correspondence between them the Pope assumes the liberality of a statesman and the prince descends to the prejudice and passions of a priest.”—Gibbon, chap. lx.
[343] The Byzantine style in Gaul is, I fancy, much earlier than Charlemagne, and goes back to the 4th century or earlier. See Rivoira’s History of Lombard Architecture, or T. G. Jackson’s History of Gothic Architecture.—E. B.
[344] See L. Brechier, L’Eglise et l’Orient au Moyen Age.
[345] Gibbon mentions a second Theodora, the sister of Marozia.
[346] This period is a tangled one. The authority is Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages (an excellent general book from A.D. 400 to 1527), vol. iii of the Eng. trans., p. 249 seq. John X owed the tiara to his mistress, the elder Theodora, but he was “the foremost statesman of his age” (Gregorovius, p. 259). He fell in 928 owing to Marozia. John XI became Pope in 931 (after two Popes had intervened in the period 928-931); he was Marozia’s son, possibly by Pope Sergius III. John XII did not come at once after John XI, who died in 936; there were several Popes in between; and he became Pope in 955.—E. B.
[347] There were three dynasties of emperors in the early Middle Ages:
Saxon: Otto I (962) to Henry II, ending 1024.