An Egyptian oasis

by H. J. L. Beadnell

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1.		AIN ESTAKHERAB, GENNAH		[Frontispiece]
				FACING PAGE
2.		A PASS INTO THE OASIS		[16]
3.		THE RAILWAY DESCENDING INTO THE OASIS THROUGH THE CHALKFORMATION		[38]
4.		THE CHRISTIAN NECROPOLIS AND JEBEL TER		[46]
5.	⎰ ⎱	A STREET IN KHARGA	⎱ ⎰	[66]
		KHARGA VILLAGE
6.		ENCROACHMENT OF SAND-DUNES AT MEHERIQ		[70]
7.	⎰ ⎱	A PTOLEMAIC TEMPLE (QASR EL GHUATA)	⎱ ⎰	[73]
		DOUM-PALMS NEAR QASR EL GHUATA
8.		AIN DAKHAKHIN		[78]
9.		DUSH VILLAGE		[84]
10.		THE TEMPLE OF HIBIS, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST		[92]
11.		THE TEMPLE OF HIBIS (INTERIOR)		[96]
12.		THE CHRISTIAN NECROPOLIS		[103]
13.		BIBLICAL SCENES IN A TOMB OF THE NECROPOLIS		[104]
14.		LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS AT EL GALA, NEAR BULAQ		[110]
15.	⎰ ⎱	COFFIN MASKS FROM BELLAIDA	⎱ ⎰	[116]
		ANCIENT POTTERY FROM THE LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS
16.		FLINT IMPLEMENTS		[120]
17.		AN ARTESIAN WELL (BORE NO. 39)		[124]
18.	⎰ ⎱	BORE NO. 5	⎱ ⎰	[142]
		BORE NO. 14
19.		LANDS UNDER RECLAMATION AT BORE NO. 39		[156]
20.		AIN AMUR, ON THE UPPER DAKHLA ROAD		[165]
21.		QASR LEBEKHA AND THE NORTHERN ESCARPMENT OF THE OASIS		[169]
22.		RUINS AT UM EL DABADIB		[172]
23.	⎰ ⎱	A STEAM BORINGRIG	⎱ ⎰	[196]
		A HAND BORING RIG
24.		A BELT OF DUNES NEAR QASR LEBEKHA		[200]
25.		SAND EROSION ON SUMMIT OF JEBEL TARIF		[206]
26.		THE CORPORATION’S HOMESTEAD (HEADQUARTERS)		[208]
27.		DOUM-PALMS AT AIN GIRM MESHIM		[218]
28.	⎰ ⎱	A WADI IN JEBEL TARIF	⎱ ⎰	[222]
		A RIVER OF SAND NEAR UM EL DABADIB
MAPS AND SECTIONS
I.		THE CARAVAN ROUTES TO THE OASIS OF KHARGA		[26]
II.		SKETCH-MAP SHOWING THE GEOLOGY AND THE ANCIENT LAKES OF THEOASIS OF KHARGA		[50]
III.		GEOLOGICAL SECTION ACROSS THE OASIS, FROM JEBEL TARIF TO THEEASTERN ESCARPMENT		[56]
IV.		THE SUBTERRANEAN AQUEDUCTS OF UM EL DABADIB		[176]

AN EGYPTIAN OASIS

CHAPTER I
THE LIBYAN DESERT AND ITS OASES

Contrast of Libyan Desert and Nile Valley — Area and Geographical Position — Barrenness — Dunes and Sand-submerged Areas — Underlying Water-charged Sandstones — Early History of Oases — Condition in Prehistoric Times — Cultivated Lands and Wells.

No more striking contrast can be imagined than that between the intensely cultivated Valley of the Nile and the barren deserts on either side. There are arid wastes in many parts of the world—in Australia, in the Western States of America, in Asia—but in point of desolateness, in the absence of animal and vegetable life, there is probably nothing to rival the greater portion of the Libyan Desert, on the west side of the Nile. Its barrenness is aggressive; it is not necessary to travel far to make its acquaintance; so sharp is the junction that, in a single step, one may pass from the richly cultivated alluvial soil of the Nile to the bare sandy plains which skirt the more rocky interior of the desert. Along the borders of the Egyptian wastes one generally looks in vain for the Persian poet’s

“Strip of herbage strown,

That just divides the desert from the sown.”

Geographically the Libyan Desert is the eastern and most inhospitable portion of the Sahara, or Great Desert of Africa. On the north and east its boundaries are clearly defined by the Mediterranean Sea and the Valley of the Nile; on the south it is bounded by the Darfur and Kordofan regions of the Egyptian Sudan; to the south-west its limits may be regarded as coterminous with the elevated districts of Tibesti; while on the west it stretches to the outlying oases of Fezzan and Tripoli. Its area is about 850,000 square miles, or approximately seven times that of the British Isles.

With the exception of a narrow belt fringing the Mediterranean, the region is, to all intents and purposes, rainless, the occasional thunderstorms being extremely local, and seldom breaking over the same district in two consecutive years. In the more elevated deserts on the eastern side of the Nile rains appear to be of sufficiently frequent occurrence to maintain a water-supply in the isolated water-holes and valley-springs, and to allow of the growth of a fairly permanent though scanty herbage in the more favoured areas. The Eastern desert does, therefore, to some extent, support a migratory Arab population. On the other hand, the greater portion of the Libyan Desert is quite devoid of vegetation and water-holes, and is, in consequence, uninhabited even by nomad tribes. At the same time, the extreme barrenness of the region as a whole is in great measure counterbalanced by a number of isolated fertile oases, in which there is a permanent resident population, deriving its water-supplies entirely from underground sources.