An Egyptian oasis

by H. J. L. Beadnell

In the Nile Valley the striped hyæna has often afforded me a day’s amusement if not actual sport, but this animal is certainly not a resident in the oasis, though on rare occasions an individual crosses the plateau and remains for a few days within the depression. Jackals are common, though not nearly so numerous as in the neighbouring oasis of Dakhla. At night they prowl about the outskirts of the villages, and the din that a single couple can make must be heard to be believed. The cry is most weird, consisting of a succession of long melancholy wails, each one a little higher pitched than the preceding, followed finally by a quick succession of sharp yelps or barks.

Of foxes there appear to be three species in Egypt, the largest and best known being a variety of the common fox (Canis vulpes, subsp. ægyptiaca). Although this animal frequently makes its home on the margins of the bordering deserts, it is never found at any great distance from the villages of the Nile Valley, to which it invariably descends at dusk, returning to its lair in the early morning after spending the night roaming the cultivated lands in search of food. The smaller desert fox, or fennec (Canis famelicus), is found not only on the desert margins, but throughout the interior plateaux and depressions. A true denizen of the desert, this animal seldom approaches the abodes of man, and probably never penetrates into the cultivated lands on either side of the Nile. Thirdly, there is the diminutive little fox, the true fennec (Canis zerda), which, although found throughout the interior of the Libyan Desert tableland, is especially abundant in the oases-depressions.

Of this beautiful species the late Dr. Anderson, in his ‘Zoology of Egypt,’ wrote: “There is no authentic record of the Fennec having been discovered in a wild state by any European traveller. All the specimens which have been brought home have been obtained from Arabs.” This fox is, it is true, a very shy animal, so much so that during the course of many years’ work in almost every part of the Libyan Desert I never had the good fortune to observe one in its natural haunts, though its burrows were often met with, and my men at night occasionally succeeded in securing specimens in traps.

During the last year or two, however, while resident in Kharga Oasis, I have been more fortunate, having frequently observed these interesting little animals sitting near the entrances to their burrows or sniffing about in search of food on areas sparsely dotted with desert vegetation. Several pairs had burrows within a few kilometres of my headquarters, and were, I believe, responsible for fowls that disappeared from time to time from our farm-yard. Mr. P. von Adametz kept one of these tiny foxes in the mess for some time, but this particular animal, which had been caught in the neighbourhood of Meheriq, was evidently too old to become tame. Fennecs probably subsist mainly on desert gerbils and jerboas, which are always to be found in large numbers in those portions of the desert where vegetation is at all plentiful.

LITERATURE ON THE OASIS OF KHARGA

Poncet, M.
1709.	“A Voyage to Æthiopia, made in the Years 1698,1699, and 1700.” (Translated from the French.) Printed for W. Lewisat the Dolphin, next Tom’s Coffee House, in Russel Street, CoventGarden, London, 1709.
Browne, W. G.
1806.	“Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria, from theYear 1792 to 1798.” Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, London,1806.
Cailliaud, F.
1822.	“Travels in the Oasis of Thebes, and in theDeserts situated East and West of the Thebaid, in the Years 1815,1816, 1817, and 1818.” (Translated from the French, and publishedin New Voyages and Travels, vol. vii.) Sir Richard Phillips andCo., London, 1822.
Drovetti, M. the Chevalier.
1822.	“Itinerary of an Excursion to the Valley ofDakel,” by M. the Chevalier Drovetti, French Consul-General inEgypt, about the latter end of 1818, with a previous Itinerary fromSyout to Dongolah and Darfour. In New Voyages and Travels, vol.vii. Sir Richard Phillips and Co., London, 1822.
Edmonstone, Sir Archibald,Bart.
1822.	“A Journey to Two of the Oases of Upper Egypt.”John Murray, London, 1822.
Cailliaud, F.
1826.	“Voyage a Méroé, au Fleuve Blanc, au delà deFâzogl dans le Midi du Royaume de Sennâr, a Syouah et dans cinqautres Oasis; fait dans les années 1819, 1820, 1821, et 1822.”L’imprimerie Royale, Paris, 1826.
Wilkinson, I. G.
1835.	“Topography of Thebes and General View of Egypt.”John Murray, London, 1835.
Hoskins, G. A.
1837.	“Visit to the Great Oasis of the Libyan Desert.”Longman, Rees, Orme and Co., London, 1837.
Schweinfurth, Dr. G.
1875.	“Notizen zur Kenntniss der Oase El-Chargeh” (I.Alterthümer). Petermann’s Mittheilungen, 21 Band, 1875. JustusPerthes, Gotha, 1875.
Rohlfs, Gerhard.
1875.	“Drei Monate in der Libyschen Wüste.” MitBeiträgen von P. Ascherson, W. Jordan, und K. Zittel. TheodorFischer, Cassel, 1875.
Jordan, Dr. W.
1876.	“Physische Geographie und Meteorologie derLibyschen Wüste.” Rohlfs’schen Expedition. Theodor Fischer, Cassel,1876.
Brugsch, Dr. Heinrich.
1878.	“Reise nach dem grossen Oase el Khargeh in derLibyschen Wüste.”
	“A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs.” JohnMurray, London, 1881.
Zittel, K. von.
1883.	“Beiträge zur Geologie und Palæontologie derLibyschen Wüste.” Rohlfs’schen Expedition. Theodor Fischer, Cassel,1883.
Lyons, Captain H. G.
1894.	“Notes sur le Géographie Physique des Oasis deKhargueh et de Dakhel.” Bull. Soc. Khéd. de Géogr., iv. série, No.4, 1894.
	“On the Stratigraphy and Physiography of theLibyan Desert of Egypt.” Quarterly Journal of the GeologicalSociety, vol. 1., London, 1894.
Barron, Beadnell, Lucas, and Hume,Messrs.
1900.	“The Phosphate Deposits of Egypt.” SurveyDepartment, Cairo, 1900 and 1905.
Ball, Dr. John.
1900.	“Kharga Oasis: its Topography and Geology.”Survey Department, Cairo, 1900.
Guest, A R.
1900.	“The Oases of the Mudirieh of Assyut.” TheGeographical Journal, vol. xvi., London, 1900.
Beadnell, H. J. Llewellyn.
1904.	“The Oases and the Geology of Egypt,” in “TheNile in 1904,” by Sir William Willcocks. E. and F. N. Spon, London,1904.
Sayce, Professor A. H.
1905.	“History of the Egyptian Oases.” The EgyptianGazette, April 6, 1905.
Beadnell, H. J. Llewellyn.
1908.	“Flowing Wells and Sub-Surface Water in KhargaOasis.” Geological Magazine, N.S., Decade V., vol. v.,February—March, 1908.
Lyons, Captain H. G.
1908.	“Some Unsolved Problems of the Nile Basin.” TheCairo Scientific Journal, vol. ii., No. 18, March, 1908.
Hume, Dr. W. F.
1908.	“The South-Western Desert of Egypt.” The CairoScientific Journal, vol. ii., Nos. 23 and 24, August—September,1908.
Beadnell, H. J. Llewellyn.
1909.	“The Mutual Interference of Artesian Wells.”Geological Magazine, N.S., Decade V., vol. vi., January, 1909.
	“The Relations of the Nubian Sandstone and theCrystalline Rocks south of the Oasis of Kharga.” Quarterly Journalof the Geological Society, vol. lxv., London, 1909.

INDEX

• Ababdeh Arabs, [106]
• Abraham, Sara, and Isaac, [104]
• Abrasion of Rocks (see Denudation)
• Absorption Tests, [151], [152]
• Abstemiousness of Camels, [15]
• Abu Bayan, Jebel, [45]
• Abulfida Ismail, [109]
• Abu Mohariq Dunes, [4], [43]
• Abu Sighawâl, [26], [29], [30], [31], [32], [34], [39]
• Abydus, [108]
• Abyssinia, [6], [13], [88], [92], [125], [159]
• Acacia-Trees, [69], [76], [77], [92], [187], [190], [231]
• Adam and Eve, [104]
• Adametz, P. von, [233]
• Æthiopia (see Abyssinia)
• Age of Ancient Lakes, [120]
• Age of Wells, [71], [72], [80]
• Agriculture, [67], [157], [171], [212]-220
• Agûl el Douma, [76]
• Ain (Aiyûn), [69]
• Ain Aid, [221]
• Ali Morad, [59]
• Amûr, [17], [21], [36], [37], [38], [55], [99], [165], [166], [171], [173]
• Bella, [83]
• Bellal, [59]
• Bergis, [80], [81]
• Dakhakhin, [78], [79], [80]
• Dizé, [15]
• Estakherab, [59], [71], [72], [139], [210]
• Foq el Doum, [81]
• Girgâwi, [221]
• Girm Meshîm, [57], [75], [76], [114], [115]
• Hamûr, [173]
• Harrân, [59], [114]
• Jaja, [77]
• Johar, [81], [85]
• Khalîl, [221]
• Khenâfish, [36], [106]
• Mabrûka, [85]
• Magarin, [59], [71], [72], [210]
• Mahmud, [59], [115]
• Mohammed Delaib, [142]
• Mustapha Kashef, [101]
• Tabashîr, [106]
• Zaaf, [59]
• Zaha el Din, [85]
• Zaiyan, [59]
• el Burg, [59], [106]
• Burrda, [84]
• Douma, [76], [114]
• Ghazâl, [28], [59], [69], [110], [114], [115], [142]
• Ghuâta, [59]
• Hais, [38]
• Hushi, [81]
• Karm, [85]
• Qasr (near Maks), [85]
• Qasr (N. of Meheriq), [15], [59], [114], [115], [226]
• Sabbagh, [59]
• Tawîl, [59], [60], [70], [227]
• Terfai (N.), [115]
• Terfai (S.), [85]
• Akhmîm, [106]
• Alexandria, [68], [105], [106]
• Alluvial Clays, [76], [81], [83]
• Altitudes, [10], [27], [57], [58], [59], [60], [72], [116], [117], [136], [142], [144]
• Alum, [21], [125], [221], [222], [223]
• Al Vahat, [108]
• Amenebis, [99]
• American Methods of Drilling, [134], [196], [197]
• Excavation in Necropolis, [87]
• Ammonians, [88], [89], [90]
• Ammon of Hibis, [99]
• Amun (Ammon-Ra), [92], [100], [105]
• Amûr (see Ain Amûr)
• Ancient Lakes, [110], [122]
• Roads, [38],
• Anderson, J., [232]
• Andrews, C. W., [118]
• Aneroid Determinations (see Barometric Observations)
• Animals, Wild, [14], [108], [224], [233]
• Annexation of Oases, [66]
• Anticlinal Folds, [129], [147]
• Antiquities, [6], [7], [86]-109
• Antoninus Pius, [98], [99]
• Apted, F. E., [59]
• Aqueducts, [8], [9], [71], [100], [101], [117], [118], [131], [167]-185
• Arabian Geographers, [108]
• Arabic Inscriptions, [104]
• Arbaîn (Derb el), [13], [16], [33], [34]
• Arcadius, [105]
• Area of Libyan Desert, [2]
• Arianism, [105]
• Army of Cambyses, [88], [89], [90], [91], [92]
• Artesian Basins, Conditions required in, [124]
• Artesian-Water Sandstone, [49], [121], [125], [126], [131], [138], [151], [152], [162]
• Arûs el Buqar, [4]
• Ascent of Passes, [27], [30], [36], [37]
• Ascherson, P., [20], [89]
• Ash-Grey Shales, [48]
• Assiut, [27], [28], [33], [34], [37], [43], [44], [91]
• Athanasius, [94], [105]
• Auasis, [108]
• Augila, [90]
• Australian Wells, [140], [143], [161]
• Average Discharge of Wells, [135], [140]
• Avidius Heliodorus, [99]
• Baglûli, El, [32]
• Baguat, El, [103]
• Baharia Oasis, [3], [8], [17], [23], [38], [51], [53], [96]
• Bahnessa, [5]
• Baker, H. H., [113]
• Baldwin-Wiseman, W. R., [154]
• Ball, J., [23], [24], [39], [56], [58], [60], [87], [98], [101], [103], [165], [171], [236]
• Banishment to Oasis, [94]
• Barchans, [31], [202]-205
• Barley, [62], [66], [212], [214], [225]
• Barometric Observations, [58]
• Barron, T., v, [236]
• Basilides, [96]
• Baskets, [68], [74], [193]
• Beadnell, H. J. L., [236]
• Beans, [220]
• Bedawin, [2], [31], [40], [62], [76], [158], [215], [233]
• Belat, [17], [38]
• Bellaida, [101], [102], [106], [114], [203], [222], [231]
• Beniâdi, [16], [17]
• Berber Race, [66]
• Beris, [15], [16], [25], [32], [34], [46], [60], [80], [81], [85], [110], [115], [158], [165], [210], [211], [215], [218]
• Bir (Abiyâr), [69]
• Bir Ain el Gôs, [59], [69]
• el Dinaria, [136]
• Mansûra, [69]
• Murr, [43]
• Qattara, [59]
• Birds, [14], [227], [231]
• Bisharin Arabs, [106]
• Blemmyes, [106]
• Blockhouses, [82]
• Bones, Subfossil, [118]
• Bore No. 1—[58], [59], [137]
• 4—[146]
• 5—[144], [145]
• 6—[144], [145]
• 14—[148], [152]
• 16—[152]
• 18—[152]
• 22—[59]
• 31—[152]
• 33—[127]
• 36—[142]
• 38—[142]
• 39—[152]
• 42—[142], [146], [156]
• 43—[127]
• 44—[59], [142], [152]
• Bores for Forts, etc., [168], [169]
• Boring Machinery (see Machinery)
• Boring Operations, [69], [131]-134, [143], [151], [186]-197
• Botîkh, El, [30], [35]
• Brevedent, Father C. F. X. de, [13]
• Bricks, Size of Sun-dried, [101]
• Bronze on Temple Doors, [92]
• Browne, W. G., [15], [234]
• Brugsch, H., [22], [86], [98], [235]
• Bubbling Springs, [47]
• Bulaq, [15], [32], [73], [74], [75], [215]
• Buraig, El, [31]
• Burg Hamâm (see Dovecots)
• Byzantine Period, [99], [102]
• Cailliaud, F., [16], [17], [22], [34], [58], [86], [234], [235]
• Cairo Observatory, [58]
• Calcareous Tufa, [26], [48], [52], [53], [112]
• Caliphs, [103]
• Cambyses, [88], [89], [90]
• Camels, [14], [15], [26], [33], [34], [37], [42], [44], [215], [224]
• Capacity of Rocks as Water-Carriers, [132]
• Caravan Routes (see Roads)
• Caravans, [24], [26], [27], [33], [34], [37], [41], [44]
• Carcasses of Camels, [14]
• Casing of Wells, [78], [79], [128], [135], [137], [141], [186], [187], [189]
• Cause of Rise of Water in Wells, [162], [163]
• Cause of Salts in Water, [130]
• Caving of Strata, [134], [135], [189]
• Cementing Material in Sandstone, [132], [134]
• Cemeteries, [100], [102]
• Centroclinal Folds, [56]
• Channels (see Irrigating Channels)
• Character of Desert Roads, [39]
• Character of Inhabitants (see Inhabitants)
• China, Well-Sinking in, [19], [196]
• Christ, [104]
• Christian Customs, [106]
• Christian Necropolis (see Necropolis)
• Christian Period, [21], [87], [103]-106
• Chronology, Ancient, [88]
• Clay Hummocks, [111], [113]
• Clay Plains, [76], [81], [133]
• Cleaning out Aqueducts, [171], [172]
• Cleaning out Wells (see Repairing)
• Climate, [52], [53], [67], [107], [108], [120], [171], [172], [220]
• Closing of Wells, [135], [148]
• Cnoeus Virgilius Capito, [95]
• Cobalt, [222]
• Coffin Masks, [102]
• Collecting Pits, [126], [127]
• Colonization by Romans, [167], [170]
• Coloquintida, [14]
• Coloured Designs on Tombs, [104]
• Colours of Dates, [216]
• Columbaria, [106], [116]
• Composition of Waters, [6], [72], [130], [131], [137]
• Concretions, [30], [35]
• Confining Strata (see Impervious)
• Constantius, [105]
• Contest between Man and Sand, [199], [200], [206], [207], [208], [209], [210], [211]
• Contraband Trade, [76]
• Contrast of Desert and Cultivated Lands, [1], [18]
• Coots, [230]
• Coptic Church, [103]
• Coptic Period, [7], [103]
• Corn-Mill, [69], [119]
• Corporation of Western Egypt, Ltd., [38], [39], [65], [113], [208]
• Cost of Dates, [215]
• Cost of Drilling Wells, [196], [197]
• Cotton, [14], [220]
• Craig, J. I., [159]
• Crescentic Dunes (see Barchans)
• Cretaceous System, [22], [48], [55], [112], [124], [166]
• Crops, [14], [62], [130], [212]-220
• Cross-Country Travelling, [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44]
• Crystalline Rocks, [49], [124], [161], [164]
• Cubit (Unit of length), [107]
• Cultivated Lands, [10], [46], [61]-85, [212]-220
• Cultivated Lands, Formation of, [78]-83, [122], [210]
• Cultivation of Date-Palm, [216]-218
• Cultivation of Rice, [212]-215
• Cyrene, [21], [97]
• Cyril of Alexandria, [106]
• Daila, El, [4]
• Dakhakhin, [76], [77], [80], [210], [214]
• Dakhla Oasis, [3], [4], [16], [17], [23], [25], [27], [36], [51], [89], [90], [136], [189], [195], [229], [232]
• Danian Formation, [48], [166]
• Darcy, H., [154]
• Darfur, [2], [33], [34], [125], [159]
• Darius, [7], [92]
• Date-Brandy, [218]
• Date-Crop, [62], [215]
• Date-Palms, [216]-218
• Decline of Well-Flows, [79], [135], [140], [148], [188]
• Deepest Borings in Oasis, [132], [157]
• Deflation, [52]
• Denudation, [35], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [83], [111], [126], [199], [206]
• Deposits, Table of Geological, [48]
• Depressions, Formation of, [5], [47], [50], [52], [53], [54]
• Depth of Wells, [8], [107], [129], [132]
• Dêr el Ghennîma, [16], [100], [101], [128], [129], [147], [169]
• Derb el Arbaîn, [13], [16], [33], [34]
• Derb el Ghubbâri, [36]
• Derb el Refûf, [26], [28], [30], [31], [39]
• Derb el Tawîl, [16], [17], [37]
• Derut, [43]
• Dervish Raids, [82]
• Descent of Passes, [27], [36]
• Desert Roads, Nature of, [39]
• Desert Types, [31], [35], [42]
• Development of Artesian Basins (see Exploitation)
• Development of Strata, Unequal, [50], [51], [55]
• Dials, [107]
• Dilail el Kelb, [32]
• Dimensions of Oasis, [45]
• Diminution of Flows of Wells (see Decline)
• Dip of Strata, [55], [56], [161], [166]
• Discharges of Wells, [57], [63], [81], [127], [129], [134], [135], [136], [139], [149], [150], [160], [186]
• Discharge of Um el Dabâdib tunnel, [172]
• Disintegration (see Denudation)
• Disposition of Ancient Monuments, [117]
• Divers, [193], [194], [195]
• Domesticated Animals, [118]
• Dongola, [13], [16]
• Donkeys, [68]
• Dorcas Gazelle, [174], [225]-227
• Doum-Palms, [68], [73], [74], [77], [82], [84], [187], [190], [218], [219]
• Dovecots, [107]
• Doves, [231]
• Drilling (see Boring)
• Driving Well-Casing, [189], [196]
• Dronka, [28]
• Drovetti, Chevalier, [16], [234]
• Drugs, [14]
• Dubîya, El, [32]
• Duck (see Wild-Fowl)
• Dunes (see Sand-Dunes)
• Dungun, [33]
• Durability of Wooden Casing, [187]
• Durra Millet, [213], [215]
• Dush, [16], [26], [33], [84], [85], [97], [106], [115]
• Dust-Winds, [13], [49], [52], [67], [70], [79], [81], [82], [84], [198]-211
• Early History, [6], [12]-24, [87]
• Earth-Movements (see Folding)
• Earthy Minerals (see Minerals)
• Economical Aspects, [212]-223
• Edfu, [22], [28], [33], [93]
• Edmonstone, Sir A., [17], [100], [234]
• Effect of closing Wells, [148], [149]
• Effect of Salty Waters on Crops, [130]
• Egyptian Government, [9], [20], [59], [62], [63], [64], [82], [137], [159], [188], [220]
• Egyptian Kings, [87], [88]
• El Baglûli, [32]
• El Baguat, [103]
• El Botîkh, [30]
• El Buraig, [31]
• El Daila, [4]
• El Dêr (see Dêr el Ghennîma)
• El Dubîya, [32]
• El Elwania, [30], [32]
• El Ghart, [31]
• El Ghennaim, [28]
• El Ghuâta (see Qasr el Ghuâta)
• El Ghubbâri, [36]
• El Hais, [38]
• El Hamera, [32]
• El Ishab, [32]
• El Mafâriq, [32]
• El Masaad, [30]
• El Mishâbit, [30]
• El Mograbi, [30]
• El Nakhail, [33], [85]
• El Qara, [38]
• El Qusîya, [32], [43]
• El Ramlia, [15], [26], [28]
• El Refûf, [26], [28], [29], [30], [31]
• El Sherîf el Edrissi, [108]
• El Shugera, [28], [29], [39], [42]
• El Suâga, [31]
• El Tundaba, [29], [31], [39]
• El Yabsa, [26], [28]
• El Zizagat, [31]
• Elevation of Well-Outlets, [78], [79]
• Embalming, [104], [105]
• Emigration, [193]
• Encroachment of Dunes (see Sand-Dunes)
• Eocene System, [22], [35], [48], [50], [54], [55], [112], [201]
• Epsom Salts (Epsomite), [125], [222]
• Erosion (see Denudation)
• Errors in Measurement of Well-Discharges, [65], [66]
• Eruptive Rocks (see Crystalline Rocks)
• Escarpments of Oasis, [26], [45], [51]
• Esna, [16], [27], [28], [33], [34], [121]
• Esna Shales, [48], [51]
• Ethiopia (see Abyssinia)
• Euergetes, [93]
• Evaporation, [71], [164]
• Excavation of Ancient Sites, [86]
• Excavation of Conduits, [169]
• Exile to Oasis (see Banishment)
• Exogyra Beds, [48], [51], [54], [166]
• Expedition against Oases (see Cambyses)
• Experiments on Wells, [127], [136], [144]-149, [151], [155]
• Exploitation of Artesian Basins, [135], [140], [142], [143], [150]
• Exploration of Underground Aqueducts, [173]-175, [179]-184
• Extinct Lakes, [110]-122
• Ezula, [14]
• Fâlig Dates, [216]
• Fallow Lands, [10]
• Famous Wells, [71]
• Farafra Oasis, [3], [4], [17], [23], [38], [43], [44], [54], [90], [91]
• Farshut, [16], [28], [30], [32], [33], [38], [58]
• Faults, [55], [56], [116]
• Fayûm, [5]
• Fellahin, [43], [66]
• Fennecs, [232], [233]
• Ferruginous Sandstone, [36], [130], [222]
• Ferruginous Waters (see Ochreous Waters)
• Fertilizers, [79], [210], [214]
• Fevers, [10], [19], [42], [108], [219]
• Fezzan, [2]
• Fissures, [8], [116], [127], [131], [134], [148], [149], [150], [153], [162], [166], [175], [180]
• Flexures (see Folding)
• Flint Implements, [6], [7], [29], [87], [119]
• Flooding by Wells, [120], [121]
• Flowing Wells, [124], [139]-153, [186]
• Flowing Wells from Surface-water Sandstone, [127]-130
• Flowing Wells of Arid Regions, [161]
• Flowing Wells, Relation to Ground-Level, [128]
• Flow of Water through Coarse and Fine Sands, [155]
• Flow of Water through Sandstone, [127], [149], [150], [153], [154], [155], [162], [163]
• Fodder, Green, [212]
• Folding, [22], [51], [53]-57, [129], [147]
• Food-Supplies, [62]
• Formation of Depressions (see Depressions)
• Formation of Terraces, [78], [79], [81]
• Former Prosperity of Oasis, [10], [94], [107], [108], [109]
• Fortified Monasteries (see Monasteries)
• Forts, [26], [30], [94], [100], [101], [156], [167], [168], [172]
• Fossils, [30], [52], [57], [107], [113], [116], [118], [132]
• Foxes, [232]
• French Engineers, [188]
• French Government, [16]
• Fresh-Water Shells, [53], [116], [118]
• Fruit of Date- and Doum-Palms, [62], [73], [216]-219
• Fruit-Trees, [78], [172], [220]
• Gala, [57]
• Galba, Emperor, [95]
• Garat el Melh, [31]
• Garat Radwan, [31]
• Gardens, [19], [67], [69], [84], [172]
• Garrisons, [14], [82], [94], [108]
• Garsed, W., [130], [137], [202]
• Gases in Artesian Waters, [72], [77], [137], [155]
• Gauges used in Measurement of Wells, [64]
• Gazelle, [174], [225]-227
• Gennâh, [46], [71], [72], [114], [138], [201], [209], [210], [215], [218], [227], [231]
• Geographers, Arabian, [108]
• Geological Sequence, [47]
• Geological Society of London, [23]
• Geological Survey of Egypt, [23]
• Geology, [20], [45]-60, [125]-134, [221], [223]
• Gerbils, [233]
• German Expedition, [20]
• Gertuma, [56]
• Geysers, [81]
• Gharaq, [5]
• Ghart, El, [31]
• Ghattasin (see Divers)
• Ghennaim El, [28]
• Ghennîma (see Dêr and Jebel el Ghennîma)
• Ghuâta (see Qasr el Ghuâta)
• Ghubbâri, Derb el, [36]
• Gingerbread Tree (see Doum-Palms)
• Girga, [27], [30], [32]
• Girm Meshîm, [57], [75], [76], [114], [115]
• Gorn el Gennâh, [18], [46], [56], [60], [71], [106], [116], [117], [210], [221]
• Gorringe, L., [23], [27]
• Government Survey (see Egyptian Government)
• Græco-Roman Period, [93], [118]
• Grazing Lands, [219]
• Greek Inscriptions, [97], [99], [104]
• Gregory, J. W., [161]
• Grey Shales (see Impermeable Grey Shales)
• Grinding-Stones, [119]
• Guest, A. R., [236]
• Guhêna, [29]
• Gyb (see Qasr Gyb)
• Hadrian, Emperor, [98]
• Hagar Hawara, [32]
• Hagi Ali, [13]
• Hais, Ain el, [38]
• Hamera, El, [32]
• Hamlets (see Settlements)
• Hamrâwi Dates, [216]
• Hamûr, Ain, [173]
• Hand-boring Rigs, [191], [192], [193], [196]
• Hardness of Rocks, [50], [54]
• Harvesting, [215], [217], [227]
• Hassan Effendi, [189]
• Hazen, A., [154]
• Headquarters of Corporation of Western Egypt, Ltd., [39], [59], [113], [115], [126], [127], [128], [130], [133], [138], [142], [202], [203], [208], [214], [219], [220], [225], [233]
• Hedges, [67]
• Hegîra, [108]
• Height of Ancient Lakes, [112], [115], [116], [117]
• Lacustrine Deposits, [115], [116]
• Helaoue, [13], [14]
• Herbs, [14], [15]
• Herodotus, [19], [88], [89], [90], [107]
• Hesperides, Gardens of the, [19]
• Hibis, Temple of, [7], [22], [59], [92], [93], [94], [98], [101], [103]
• High-Level Springs, [165]
• Hills, and Hill-Massifs, [46]
• Hindaw, [195]
• Historic Period, [7], [86]-109, [119]
• Holding Capacity of Water Strata, [151], [152]
• Hollow Walls, [98]
• Honorius, [106]
• Horizontality of Strata, [54]
• Horus, [22]
• Hoskins, G. A., [17], [18], [19], [21], [22], [86], [91], [95], [97], [99], [100], [104], [105], [109], [235]
• Hot Springs (see Temperature)
• Hume, W. F., [54], [236]
• Hummocks, Clay, [111], [112]
• Hyæna, Striped, [37]
• Hydraulic and Hydrostatic Pressure (see Pressure)
• Igneous Rocks (see Crystalline Rocks)
• Impermeable Grey Shales, [48], [49], [126], [131], [133], [164]
• Impervious Strata, [121], [124], [126], [134], [166]
• Implements (see Flint Implements)
• Implements for Repairing Wells, [193]-194
• Implements used by Early Well-borers, [186]
• Inclination of Strata (see Dip)
• Infiltration into Sandstones, [6]
• Influence of Wells, [72], [135], [144]-148, [162]
• Inhabitants of Kharga, [67], [68]
• Inscriptions, [12], [19], [22], [93]-99, [104]
• Interference of Wells (see Influence)
• Intermittent Flow of Wells, [77], [81], [155]
• Iron Pyrites (see Pyrites)
• Irresistibility of Sand, [205], [211]
• Irrigation, [127], [135], [168], [212], [213]
• Irrigating Channels, [69], [71], [75], [77], [120], [168], [169], [227]
• Irrigation Methods, [9]-11, [107], [212]-213
• Ishab, El, [32]
• Isis and Serapis, [97]
• Islands of the Blessed, [19], [88], [107]
• Ismail Abulfida, [109]
• Isopotential Lines, [142]
• Jackals, [232]
• Jacob, [105]
• Jacutus, [109]
• Jaja, [16], [26], [32], [33], [76], [77]
• Jebel Abu Bayan, [45]
• Jebel Ghennîma, [26], [30], [46], [100], [111], [133]
• Jebel Lebekha (see Qasr Lebekha)
• Jebel Tarif, [36], [46], [55], [56], [60], [102], [126], [171], [200], [205], [222], [231]
• Jebel Tarwan, [56], [114], [223]
• Jebel Têr, [46], [55], [56], [60], [66], [70], [102], [103], [114], [126], [171], [201], [206], [223], [231]
• Jebel Um el Ghennaim, [26], [46]
• Jellab, Nagab el, [30]
• Jerboas, [233]
• Johnson Pasha, [220]
• Jordan, W., [20], [58], [235]
• Joseph, [105]
• Julius Demetrius, [95]
• Junction of Artesian-Water Sandstone with Overlying Shales, [133]
• Jupiter Ammon, [88], [89], [90], [91]
• Juvenal, [94]
• Kareez (see Aqueducts)
• Karnak, [28], [30], [32]
• Kawâmil, [27], [28], [29]
• Kenem, [93]
• Kharafish Type of Desert, [35]
• Kharga Village, [21], [25], [46], [58], [66]-70, [215], [228]
• Khartum, [159]
• Khenâfish, Ain, [36], [106]
• Kilns, Brick and Pottery, [102]
• King, F. H., [154]
• Kneph, [100]
• Knibbs, G. H., [143], [154], [162], [163]
• Koptos, [22]
• Kordofan, [2], [159]
• Kufra Oasis, [3], [4]
• Kurkur Oasis, [33], [109]
• Kysis, [97]
• Lacustrine Deposits, [48], [49], [52], [110]-122
• Lagmi, A Date-Palm Liquor, [218]
• Lakes, Ancient, [110]-122
• Land Reclamation, [10], [172], [214], [219], [220]
• Lebekha (see Qasr Lebekha)
• Lefèvre, M., [188]
• Length of Underground Aqueducts, Total, [179]
• Letronne, M., [95]
• Level of Sub-surface Water, [126], [127]
• Level of Ain Amûr, Beris Spring, and Nakhail, [165], [166]
• Levels (see Altitudes)
• Libyan Desert, Limits, Area, etc., [1]-5
• Libyan Formation (see Eocene)
• Libyan Races, [66]
• Lignite, [132]
• Limits of Ancient Lakes, [112], [114]
• Limits of Oasis, [85]
• Local Pressure, [129], [130], [163], [164]
• Longitudinal Flexure, [55], [116]
• Loss of Cambyses’ Army, [88]-92
• Lucas, A., [137], [236]
• Lucerne, [212], [219]
• Lyons, H. G., [22], [160], [235], [236]
• Lythgoe, A. M., [86]
• Machinery for Boring, [8], [9], [188], [191]-193, [196], [197]
• Mafâriq, El, [32]
• Magmatic Waters, [161]
• Magnesia, Sulphate of, [125], [221]
• Maks, [15], [82], [83], [84], [115], [211]
• Manfalut, [13], [38], [43]
• Man-Holes, or Air-shafts, of Underground Tunnels, [9], [173]-185
• Manufacture of Casing, [187], [190]
• Manufactures, [68], [107], [218]
• Manures (see Fertilizers)
• Maps (see Surveying)
• Marcus Ruffinus Lupus, [97]
• Marine Deposits, [50]
• Masaâd, El, [30]
• Masks, Coffin, [102]
• Mats, [68], [74]
• Maximus, [96]
• Measurement of Wells, [63]-65
• Mediterranean Sea, [201]
• Meheriq, [28], [39], [70], [101], [106], [114], [115], [142], [171], [208], [226], [233]
• Melh, Garat el, [31]
• Mellawi, [91]
• Memphis, [90]
• Menes, [87]
• Meteoric Waters, [161], [163]
• Methods of Sinking Wells (see Boring)
• Middle Ages, [93]
• Migration of Villagers, [70]
• Milne, D., [220]
• Minerals, [125], [157], [220]-223
• Mines, Ancient, [222], [223]
• Miocene System, [4]
• Mishâbit, El, [30]
• Mogara, [4]
• Mograbi, El, [30]
• Mohammed Abu Salem, [228]
• Mohammedan Conquest, [7], [9], [103], [108]
• Mohammed Said, [220]
• Mohariq (see Abu Mohariq)
• Monasteries, [100], [101], [105], [167], [168]
• Monoclinal Fold, [56]
• Monuments, Earliest, [7]
• Mosquitoes, [10]
• Mouaslet el Kharga, [38], [39]
• Movement of Dune-Sand, [199], [203], [204]
• Mud-Volcanoes, [81]
• Mummies and Mummy-Cases, [102], [104]
• Murr, Bir, [43]
• Mut, [100]
• Nadûra, [22], [56], [93], [98]
• Nagab Bulaq, [26], [33]
• Nagab el Jellab, [30]
• Nakhail, El, [33], [85], [166]
• Natural History, [224]-233
• Nature of Desert Roads, [39]-44
• Necropolis, Christian, [21], [87], [103]-105, [116]
• Nektanebos, [92]
• Neolithic Implements, [7], [29], [119]
• Nestorius, Bishop, [94], [106]
• Nile Delta, [213]
• Nile River, [6], [158], [159], [160], [164]
• Nitrogen (see Gases)
• Noah, [104]
• Notables of Oasis captured by Dervishes, [82]
• Nubia, [6], [66], [124]
• Nubian Sandstone, [48], [51], [92], [124], [151], [152], [159], [201]
• Nummulitic Limestones, [54]
• Oasis, Derivation of Term, [3], [21]
• Observations on Wells (see Experiments)
• Ochreous Waters, [72], [130], [137]
• Ochre (Oxide of Iron), [72], [73], [125], [138], [221]
• Olympiodorus, [107], [186]
• Omda of Kharga, [63], [64], [65], [66], [68], [171]
• Origin of Lakes, [120]-122
• Origin of Oases-Depressions (see Depressions)
• Origin of Underground Waters, [6], [125], [154]-166
• Osiris, [22]
• Otu, [21], [22]
• Outcrop of Water-bearing Beds, [124], [164]
• Output of Wells (see Discharges)
• Ownership of Wells, [10], [11], [47]
• Paganism, [105]
• Palæolithic Implements, [6], [119]
• Palm Leaves and Fibre, [68]
• Palm Trees, [63], [66], [67], [74], [77], [81], [84]
• Panopolis, [106]
• Parthey, [90]
• Passage Beds (see Esna Shales)
• Passes, [26], [27], [36]
• Past Accumulations of Water, [160]
• Patterson, R. S., [65], [158]
• Paul, [104]
• Peasantry of Oasis, [66], [213], [230]
• Pelusium, [88]
• Percolation from Nile into Nubian Sandstone, [160]
• Persian Period, [7], [22], [86]-93, [167]
• Persian Water-Wheels (see Saqia)
• Phosphatic Deposits, [48], [223]
• Physiognomic Types, [66]
• Pick-Marks, Ancient, [181]
• Pierpont Morgan, [87]
• Pigeons, [106], [107], [231]
• Plants, Fossil (see Fossils)
• Plateau, Limestone, [48], [54]
• Pleistocene Deposits, [48], [53], [118], [120]
• Plinius Capito, [99]
• Plover, [231]
• Plutonic Rocks (see Crystalline Rocks)
• Plutonic Waters, [161]
• Poncet, M., [13], [14], [15], [109], [234]
• Population, [61], [66], [67]
• Porosity of Nubian Sandstone, [151], [152]
• Porosity of Strata, [124], [132], [149], [150], [151], [155]
• Pottery, [29], [31], [102], [113], [118], [119], [120]
• Prehistoric Period, [6], [8], [29], [87], [112], [113], [120]
• Pressure of Gases, [77], [155]
• Pressure of Water, [77], [121], [130], [134], [136], [140], [141], [142], [149], [150], [155], [162], [163], [164]
• Primitive Character of Kharga Village, [68]
• Proclamations inscribed on Monuments, [95]
• Prosperity, Former, [10], [94], [107], [108], [109]
• Protection of Conduits, [169]
• Protection of Cultivated Lands, [69], [205], [206], [207], [208], [209]
• Psammetikh, [88]
• Ptolemaic Remains, [7], [93], [99], [118]
• Pumping, [123], [127], [128], [157]
• Purple Shales, [48], [126], [128]
• Pyrites, [137], [223]
• Qara, El, [38]
• Qasr Ain Mustapha Kashef, [101]
• Qasr Dakhl, [4], [38]
• Qasr Dush, [85], [97]
• Qasr el Ghuâta, [73], [93]
• Qasr Farafra, [44]
• Qasr Gyb, [131], [170], [226]
• Qasr Lebekha, [8], [100], [101], [126], [131], [170], [200], [206], [222]
• Qasr Zaiyan, [59], [60], [73], [98], [99], [117]
• Qirat, Value of the, [64], [65], [138]
• Quail, [230]
• Queensland, Artesian Wells of, [140]
• Quicksands, [134]
• Qusîya, El, [43]
• Radwan, Garat, [31]
• Railway, [10], [25], [29], [31], [38], [58], [68], [74]
• Rainfall, [2], [29], [40], [62], [104], [107], [161], [166], [216]
• Raising of Outlets of Wells (see Elevation)
• Raising of Water from Wells, [170]
• Ramlia, El, [15], [26], [28]
• Rate of Boring, [192], [197]
• Rate of Travelling of Caravans, [44]
• Rate of Underground Flow (see Flow of Water)
• Ratio of Calm to Windy Days, [198]
• Rawlinson, Canon, [88]
• Recent Deposits, [48]
• Recharging of Depleted Water-bearing Strata, [150]
• Reclamation (see Land Reclamation)
• Reduction of Pressure, [140]
• Refûf, El, [26], [28], [30], [31], [39]
• Regulating Appliances for Wells, [9], [65], [193]
• Relation of Population and Water-Supply, [61], [62], [63], [193]
• Religion and Customs, [96], [103], [104], [105], [106]
• Repairing Wells, [78], [82], [83], [187], [193]-196
• Resistance of Strata to Flow of Water, [149], [150]
• Retaining Banks, [78], [80], [82], [83]
• Revenue, [66], [94]
• Reversion to Desert, [7], [70], [71], [83], [84], [208], [210], [211]
• Rice, [62], [66], [212]-214, [227], [230]
• Rice in Land-Reclamation, [2], [213]-215
• Rigs for Boring (see Machinery)
• Rizagat, [18], [28], [32]
• Roads, [4], [13], [25]-44
• Rock-Pressure, [163]
• Rod el Ghanam, [32]
• Rohlfs Expedition, [4], [20]
• Rohlfs, G., [20], [21], [89], [93], [100], [235]
• Roman Occupation, [7], [8], [9], [22], [31], [68], [93]-109, [118], [157], [167], [170], [187], [226]
• Rotation of Crops, [10]
• Sala Abdulla, [173]
• Salt-pans, [75]
• Samhûd (see Wadi Samhûd)
• Samples of Strata from Bores, [151], [152]
• Sand and Sand-Dunes:
• Composition, [201], [202]
• Cross-Section of Dunes, [205]
• Damage to Cultivation, [69], [200], [207]
• Disposition, [200]
• Encroachment, [4], [70], [71], [83], [84], [206], [207], [208], [209]
• Erosion, [35], [52], [83], [111], [199], [206]
• Form, [202], [203], [204], [205]
• Formation of Terraces, [78], [210], [215]
• Held by Moisture and Vegetation, [208]
• Movement, Rate and Direction of, [92], [203], [207], [208], [211]
• Relation to Hills, etc., [199], [200], [205], [206]
• Sandstorms, [13], [89], [91], [208], [217]
• Sheltered Areas, [206]
• Storm-Walls and Fences, [207], [209]
• Origin, [201]
• Velocity of Wind, [199]
• Sanded-up Wells, [76], [85], [119], [150], [156], [157], [158], [171], [181]
• Saqias, [128]
• Saturated Sandstones, [121], [133], [148], [152]
• Sayce, A. H., [7], [87], [94], [98], [108], [236]
• Schweinfurth, G., [21], [22], [86], [94], [101], [235]
• Sea-Level, Relation of Floor and Plateau to, [59], [60]
• Sedimentary Rocks, [49], [54]
• Seepage [71], [159]
• Selection of Sites for Forts, [168]
• Selîma, [13], [15], [33]
• Senna, [14]
• Sensitiveness of Wells (see Influence)
• Senussi Arabs, [4]
• Septimus Macro, [99]
• Serapis, Isis and, [97]
• Serir Type of Desert-Surface, [35]
• Set-ament, [22]
• Seth, [22]
• Settlements, Outlying, [69], [70], [84]
• Shebb, [13], [15]
• Sheikh Hassan Hanadi, [171], [173]
• Sheikh Khalid Ibn el Walîd, [74]
• Sheikh Mustapha (see Omda of Kharga)
• Sheikhs’ Tombs, [70], [74], [84]
• Shells (see Fossils)
• Sherîf el Edrissi, El, [108]
• Shugera, El, [28], [29], [39], [42]
• Sighawâl (see Abu Sighawâl)
• Silt Deposits, [29]
• Silting of Wells, [9], [75]
• Similarity of Ancient and Modern Methods of Boring, [187], [190]
• Simultaneous Elevation and Denudation of Strata, [54]
• Siwa Oasis, [3], [4], [17], [89], [90], [91]
• Slaves, [33], [34]
• Slichter, C. S., [154]
• Slope of Underground Aqueducts, [178]
• Sohag, [27], [28], [30], [31], [39], [42]
• Soils, [52], [72], [214], [215], [220]
• Southernmost Wells of Oasis, [85]
• South-West Desert of Egypt, [54]
• Springs, [7], [8], [47], [52], [112], [116], [121], [122], [126], [165], [166]
• Spring Deposits, [48]
• St. Martin, V. de, [39], [90]
• Stagnation of Water in Strata, [131]
• Static Head, [128], [140], [141], [142], [153], [166]
• Steam-boring Rigs, [196], [197]
• Steel Casing, [189], [196]
• Steindorff, G., [88]
• Storage Reservoirs, [124], [152], [153]
• Strabo, [108]
• Streets of Kharga Village, [67]
• Suâga, El, [31]
• Sub-artesian Water, [8], [125], [161]
• Subsidence (see Folding)
• Subterranean Water-Supply, [123]-185
• Subterranean Works (see Aqueducts)
• Sudan, [2], [6], [33], [82], [124], [159]
• Sudd Region, [6], [159]
• Sugar-cane, [220]
• Sunt (see Acacias)
• Surface Water, [8], [47], [76], [85], [113], [133], [189]
• Surface-Water Sandstone, [47], [121], [125]-131, [151], [162]
• Surveying, [17], [20], [23], [42], [43], [58]-60, [72], [176]
• Swamps, [4], [9], [125], [159], [164], [227]
• Syene, [94]
• Synclinal Folds, [56]
• Tables:
• Altitudes, [59]
• Dunes, [204]
• Geological Deposits, [48]
• Interference of Wells, [145]
• Population, [62]
• Water Analyses, [138]
• Tamar Dates, [216]
• Tamarisks, [77], [85], [209], [225]
• Tahta, [28], [29]
• Tapping the Nile, [158]
• Tarif (see Jebel Tarif)
• Tarwan (see Jebel Tarwan)
• Tau Symbol, [104]
• Tawîl, Ain el, [59], [60], [70], [227]
• Derb el, [16], [17], [37]
• Taxes, [62], [63], [65]
• Tchonemyris, [99]
• Temperature, Changes of, [52]
• Effect on Rate of Flow of Water, [155]
• of Artesian Waters, [77], [109], [136], [149]
• of Sub-Surface Waters, [181]
• Temples (see Hibis, Jupiter Ammon, Qasr el Ghuâta, Qasr Dush, Qasr Zaiyan)
• Tenîda, [36], [37]
• Têr (see Jebel Têr)
• Termination of Um el Dabâdib Aqueduct, [183]
• Terraces formed by Wind-borne Material, [78], [79], [80], [81], [83], [210]
• Thebes, [18], [88], [89], [90], [91], [105]
• Theodosius, [107]
• Thickness of Artesian-Water Sand-stones, [152]
• Tiberius Julius Alexander, [95]
• Tibesti, [2], [159]
• Timasius, [106]
• Timbering Wells, [189], [190]
• Topography, [45]-60
• Total Thickness of Strata, [48], [49], [164]
• Total Yield of Wells, [62], [63], [139]
• Trading, [62], [68], [74], [76]
• Traditions, Local, [158], [173]
• Trajan, Emperor, [97]
• Transportation, Agents of, [52]
• Travelling in the Libyan Desert, [41], [42]
• Trenches, [168], [169]
• Tripoli, [2]
• Tristram, H. B., [216]
• Tufa (see Calcareous Tufa)
• Tundaba, El, [29], [31], [39]
• Types of Desert, [31], [35], [42]
• Um el Dabâdib, [8], [60], [70], [100], [101], [126], [131], [170]-185, [200], [205], [206], [225]
• Um el Ghennaim, [26]
• Uncemented Sandstones, [134]
• Underground Exploration, [174], [175]
• Underground Water-Supply, [123]-185
• United States, [143], [196]
• Value of Dates, [215]
• Value of the Qirat, [64], [65], [138]
• Variation in Character of Deposits of Libyan Desert, [50], [51], [55]
• Variation in Discharges of Wells, [57]
• Variation in Level of Water-bearing Strata, [129], [141]
• Variation in Porosity of Sandstone, [151]
• Variation in Static Head, [141]
• Varieties of Dates, [216]
• Vegetation, Wild, [15], [37], [40], [76], [84], [85], [165], [166], [208], [209], [225], [233]
• Velocity of Desert Winds, [199]
• Velocity of Underground Flow (see Flow)
• Ventilation of Aqueducts, [177], [181]
• Vespasian, Emperor, [96]
• Villages overwhelmed by Sand, [70]
• Vuta, G., [23]
• Wadi el Molûk, [220], [221]
• Wadi Halfa, [159]
• Wadi Samhûd, [16], [32], [38]
• Wah, [21]
• Waled Hallaf, [27], [30], [32], [34]
• Walls of Kharga village, [67]
• Waste of Water, [9]
• Watch-Tower, [102]
• Water-bearing Beds below Plateau, [123], [124], [153]
• Water-bearing Beds disturbed by
• Faults, etc., [56]
• Sandstones, [6], [49], [123]-185
• Waterfalls at Dakhakhin, [78]
• Watering Camels, [27], [28]
• Water Stations, [9], [31]
• Water stored under Oasis-Depression, Amount of, [152], [153]
• Water used in raising Rice, Amount of, [213]
• Weathering (see Denudation)
• Weba Measure, [215]
• Wheat, [62], [212], [214]
• White Chalk, [48], [54], [55]
• Whiting, B. F., [197]
• Wild-Fowl, [227]-230
• Wilkinson, I. G., [99], [100], [235]
• Willcocks, Sir William, [213]
• Wind, [13], [35], [49], [52], [78], [79], [84], [106], [111], [172], [198]-211, [217]
• Wind-formed Deposits, [78], [79], [122]
• Wine, [94], [108], [220]
• Winlock, [87]
• Wooden Lining of Wells (see Casing)
• Xaverius de Brevedent, [13]
• Yabsa, El, [26], [28]
• Yield of Date-Trees, [217]
• Yield of Wells (see Discharges)
• Young, [95]
• Zambiles (see Baskets)
• Zarâbi, [28]
• Zittel, K. von, [20], [235]
• Zizagat, El, [31]
• Zoology of Egypt, [233]
• Zosimus, [106]

THE END

FOOTNOTES: