My sincere thanks are due to Dr. Alfred M. Bailey, Director of the Colorado Museum of Natural History, who made it possible for this book to be written and published, and to Charles H. Hanington, President of the Board of Trustees, for his constant interest in the project.
H. M. Wormington
Denver, Colorado
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE [Preface] 3 [Chapter I—Introduction] 11 [Chapter II—The Most Ancient Cultures] 20 [Sandia] 20 [Folsom] 20 [San Jon] 22 [Yuma] 22 [Gypsum Cave] 22 [Cochise] 22 [Tabeguache Cave] 26 [Chapter III—The Anasazi Culture] 27 [General Remarks] 27 [The Basketmaker Period] 27 [The Modified-Basketmaker Period] 49 [Summary] 56 [The Developmental-Pueblo Period] 57 [Peripheral Areas] 72 [Summary] 75 [The Great Pueblo Period] 76 [The Largo-Gallina Phase] 102 [Athapaskan People] 105 [Summary] 106 [The Regressive and Historic Pueblo Periods] 107 [Chapter IV—The Hohokam Culture] 118 [General Remarks] 118 [The Pioneer Period] 120 [The Colonial Period] 124 [The Sedentary Period] 132 [The Classic Period] 137 [The Recent Hohokam] 144 [Summary] 146 [Chapter V—The Mogollon Culture] 148 [General Remarks] 148 [Bluff Ruin] 150 [The Pine Lawn Phase] 151 [The Georgetown Phase] 152 [The San Francisco Phase] 153 [Bear Ruin] 155 [The Three Circle Phase] 157 [The Mimbres Phase] 158 [Summary] 161 [Chapter VI—The Sinagua People] 163 [Chapter VII—The Patayan Culture] 167 [Conclusion] 169 [Glossary] 170 [Bibliography] 174 [Appendix by Erik K. Reed] 181 [Outstanding Exhibit-Sites] 181 [Modern Pueblos] 185 [Local Museums] 186 [Index] 187
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE [1. Diagram to illustrate chronology-building with tree-rings] 15 [2. Map showing sites referred to in Chapter II] 21 [3. Projectile points of the most ancient cultures] 23 [4. Folsom diorama] 25 [5. Map showing sites referred to in Chapter III] 28 [6. Basketmaker mummy] 30 [7. Basketmaker diorama] 32 [8. Basketmaker and Modified-Basketmaker sandals] 34 [9. Atlatl and grooved club] 39 [10. Weaving techniques] 41 [11. Basketmaker coiled baskets] 42 [12. Basketmaker carrying basket with tump strap] 43 [13. Basketmaker twined-woven bags] 44 [14. Mummies of two varieties of Basketmaker dogs] 47 [15. Modified-Basketmaker diorama] 48 [16. Modified-Basketmaker house after excavation] 50 [17. Postulated method of Modified-Basketmaker house construction] 51 [18. Modified-Basketmaker figurine and nipple-shaped object] 54 [19. Developmental-Pueblo diorama] 58 [20. Undeformed and deformed skulls] 60 [21. Interior view of a kiva] 65 [22. Corrugated pottery] 66 [23. Black-on-white pottery, Developmental-Pueblo period] 67 [24. Neck-banded vessel, Developmental-Pueblo period] 68 [25. Developmental-Pueblo and Great-Pueblo sandal] 69 [26. Rosa pit house after excavation] 74 [27. Great Pueblo Diorama] 77 [28. Types of Great-Pueblo masonry] 83 [29. Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon National Monument, New Mexico] 85 [30. Chaco black-on-white pottery of the Great-Pueblo period] 88 [31. Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado] 92 [32. Mesa Verde black-on-white pottery of the Great-Pueblo period] 95 [33. Betatakin, Navajo National Monument, Arizona] 98 [34. Black-on-white pottery from the Kayenta area, Great-Pueblo period] 100 [35. Largo surface house and artifacts] 103 [36. Cavate dwellings and talus houses at Bandelier National Monument] 109 [37. Tyuonyi, Bandelier National Monument] 111 [38. Glazed ware from the Rio Grande area, Regressive Pueblo period] 112 [39. Biscuit ware from the Rio Grande area, Regressive Pueblo period] 113 [40. Hopi maiden] 116 [41. Map showing sites referred to in Chapter IV] 119 [42. Hohokam figurines] 123 [43. Hohokam house and ball court, Colonial period] 126 [44. Red-on-buff Hohokam vessel, Colonial period] 128 [45. Hohokam carved stone vessel, Colonial period] 130 [46. Hohokam ornaments of carved shell] 131 [47. Red-on-buff Hohokam jars, Sedentary period] 133 [48. Hohokam stone palette, Sedentary period] 134 [49. Hohokam etched shell, Sedentary period] 136 [50. Salado polychrome ware] 138 [51. Big house built by the Salado people, Casa Grande National Monument] 141 [52. Child’s cotton poncho from Ventana Cave, Desert Hohokam] 143 [53. Pima House in 1897] 145 [54. Map showing sites referred to in Chapter V] 149 [55. Postulated reconstructions of the dwelling units of three Mogollon phases] 154 [56. Mimbres black-on-white pottery] 160 [57. Map showing distribution of cultures referred to in Chapters VI and VII] 164 [58. Montezuma Castle National Monument] 165
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Before beginning any discussion of the Southwest it is best to decide exactly what we mean by the word, for it means many things to many people. For the geographer it has one meaning, for the economist another, and for those who study its ancient inhabitants still another. It is in the latter sense that we shall interpret it. To the archaeologist, that is, to the scientist who studies and seeks to interpret the life and times of prehistoric man, the Southwest usually means New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah, and the southwestern corner of Colorado. Interpreting the term in its broadest sense, he may include the remainder of Utah, southeastern Nevada, southwestern Texas, and northern Mexico. State lines and international boundaries are, of course, recent man-made devices and we must consider this region, not in terms of present political units, but on a cultural and geographic basis.
In the centuries since the Spaniards first arrived the presence of the many imposing ruins which dot the Southwest has naturally led to much speculation about their inhabitants, and the collecting of antiquities has been inevitable. The collecting instinct is such that some relationship between man and the pack rat might well be postulated if it were not that man takes without leaving anything in place of what he has removed.