Phleum arenarium (Sand Cat’s-tail).
Alopecurus geniculatus (Marsh Foxtail).
Agrostis canina (Brown Bent).
Aira flexuosa (Wavy Hair-grass).
Aira canescens (Grey Hair-grass).
A. præcox (Early Hair-grass).
A. caryophyllea (Silvery Hair-grass).
Nardus stricta (Moor Mat-grass).
Hordeum murinum (Wall Barley).
H. maritimum (Sea Barley).
Lolium perenne (Rye-grass).
L. temulentum (Darnel).
Brœmus arvensis (var. mollis). (Field Brome).
Festuca ovina (Sheep’s Fescue).
F. Myuros (Rat’s-tail Fescue).
Briza media (Quaking-grass).
Poa maritima (Sea Poa).
P. annua (Annual Meadow-grass).
P. compressa (Flattened Meadow-grass).
P. alpina (Alpine Poa).
P. bulbosa (Bulbous Poa).
Triodia decumbens (Heath-grass).
Kœleria cristata (Crested Kœleria).

The roots of our grasses are almost always thin and fibrous and are adventitious from the nodes, frequently forming radiating crowns round the base and easily pulled up, and usually broken in the process; but in the case of a few moor grasses—especially Nardus (Fig. [2]) and Molinia—the roots are so tough and thick (stringy) as to resist breakage very efficiently. In stoloniferous grasses a similar difficulty of removal may be caused in a slighter degree by the underground stems. In a few cases, e.g. Alopecurus bulbosus (Fig. [3]), Poa bulbosa, Phleum pratense and P. Bœhmeri, Arrhenatherum avenaceum, and to a slighter extent in Poa alpina and one or two others, the lowermost internodes and sheaths of the stems may be swollen and stored with food-materials, and a sort of tuber or bulb results; this is especially apt to occur in dry sandy soils. In old lawns, pastures, &c., the roots of Poa annua and others may have nodules on them due to the presence of certain small Nematode worms, Heterodera.

Fig. 2. Nardus stricta. Plant showing tufted habit, and simple spikate inflorescence, with pointed spikelets all turned towards one side (secund) on the rachis (reduced). Note also the bristle-like (setaceous) leaves at length reflexed. Parnell.Fig. 3. Alopecurus geniculatus, var. bulbosus. Plant (reduced) showing habit, bulbous shoots and cylindrical spike-like inflorescences (Foxtail type). Notice the inflated sheaths, and the “kneed" lower parts of the ascending stems. Parnell.

Grasses are annual, biennial, or perennial, and it is often of importance to know which. The point may usually be determined by examining the shoots. If all the shoots have flowering stems in them, and are evidently of the current year, the grass is an annual; but if any shoots have leaves only, it is either biennial or perennial: to determine which is not always easy, but in perennial grasses there will generally be evident remains of older leaf-bases and shoots, and if there are distinct underground stolons or creeping rhizomes as well the point may be considered decided, and the grass is perennial, as is the case with most of our important species. If all the shoots are barren, the grass is a biennial in its first year of growth: if all have flowering stems in them, but show traces of old leaf-bases of the previous year, then the grass is a biennial in its second year. The proof of biennial character is not always easy, however, and a few grasses may be either annual or biennial, or biennial or perennial, according to conditions—e.g. species of Hordeum, Bromus, &c. In the following lists I have given the duration of the principal grasses, where the character is especially important.

Annuals.

Phleum arenarium.
Aira præcox.
A. caryophyllea.
Hordeum murinum.
H. maritimum.		 Lolium temulentum.
Festuca Myurus.
Briza minor.
Poa rigida.
P. annua.

Annuals

which may become biennial or perennial.

Alopecurus geniculatus.
Hordeum pratense.
Lolium perenne.
L. italicum (may be perennial).
Bromus asper (may be perennial).
B. sterilis.
B. arvensis (may be perennial).

Perennials.

Holcus lanatus.
H. mollis.
Nardus.
Hordeum sylvaticum.
Agropyrum.
Brachypodium.
Bromus erectus.
B. giganteus.
Festuca ovina.
F. elatior.
F. sylvatica.
Dactylis.
Cynosurus cristatus.
Briza media.
Milium.
Anthoxanthum.
Digraphis.
Phleum pratense.
Alopecurus pratensis.
Agrostis alba.
A. canina.		 Psamma.
Aira cæspitosa.
A. flexuosa.
A. canescens.
Avena pratensis.
A. flavescens.
Arrhenatherum.
Glyceria aquatica.
G. fluitans.
Poa maritima.
P. compressa.
P. pratensis.
P. trivialis.
P. nemoralis.
P. alpina.
P. bulbosa.
Molinia.
Melica.
Triodia.
Kœleria.
Arundo.

Phleum arenarium.
Aira præcox.
A. caryophyllea.
Hordeum murinum.
H. maritimum.		 Lolium temulentum.
Festuca Myurus.
Briza minor.
Poa rigida.
P. annua.
Alopecurus geniculatus.
Hordeum pratense.
Lolium perenne.
L. italicum (may be perennial).
Bromus asper (may be perennial).
B. sterilis.
B. arvensis (may be perennial).
Holcus lanatus.
H. mollis.
Nardus.
Hordeum sylvaticum.
Agropyrum.
Brachypodium.
Bromus erectus.
B. giganteus.
Festuca ovina.
F. elatior.
F. sylvatica.
Dactylis.
Cynosurus cristatus.
Briza media.
Milium.
Anthoxanthum.
Digraphis.
Phleum pratense.
Alopecurus pratensis.
Agrostis alba.
A. canina.		 Psamma.
Aira cæspitosa.
A. flexuosa.
A. canescens.
Avena pratensis.
A. flavescens.
Arrhenatherum.
Glyceria aquatica.
G. fluitans.
Poa maritima.
P. compressa.
P. pratensis.
P. trivialis.
P. nemoralis.
P. alpina.
P. bulbosa.
Molinia.
Melica.
Triodia.
Kœleria.
Arundo.

Fig. 4. Catabrosa aquatica. Plant showing the creeping habit, rooting nodes, and paniculate inflorescence (reduced). Parnell.