Such are some of the interesting problems suggested by the study of mountains, and they add no small charm to the science of geology.
And as we leave the mountains behind us, refreshed by their bracing air, and strengthened for another season of toil and labour by a brief sojourn among their peaks and passes, we come away with a renewed sense of the almost unlimited power of the unhasting operations of Nature, and the wisdom and beneficence of the Great Architect of the Universe, who made and planned those snowcapped temples as symbols of His strength, who was working millions of years ago as He is working to-day, and to whom a thousand years are as one day.
INDEX.
- Agents of transportation, [161].
- Ages of strata, how determined, [317]-[333].
- Air, composition of, [209].
- Alpine animals, [124]. plants, [103], [114].
- Alps, the history of, [330].
(See also Ruskin.) - Ancients, the, their dread of the mountains, [3].
- Andes, the, elevation of, [189].
- Animals, behaviour of, before an avalanche or earthquake, [95].
- "Anticline," [237], [303], [327].
- Appalachian Mountains, denudation of the, [239], [305]-[309].
- Aqueous rocks, [154].
- Archæan Era, [324].
- Arctic flora, [121].
- "Arthur's Seat," [277].
- Ashes, volcanic, [245], [251], [260].
- Atlantic ooze, [172].
- Atmosphere, effects produced by the, [209].
rarefaction of, [79]. - Avalanches, [89].
- Badger, the, in Alps, [128].
- Baltic Sea, changes in, [182].
- Barrier reef, of Australia, [170].
- Basalt, of Hebrides, [278]. of Snowdon, [272].
- Basin, the Great, of United States, [313].
-
Bear, brown, [125].
black, [126]. - Beaver, the, in Alps, [128].
- Bergfalls, [97].
- Bernina, the, fall of rocks from, [98].
- Bird, Miss (Mrs. Bishop), on eruption of Kilauea, [262].
- Birds, of Alps, [134].
- Blueness of the sky, [75].
- Bombs, volcanic, [253].
- Bonney, Prof., on mountain legends, [23].
on effects of the Alps in Europe, [48].
on wind on mountain-tops, [84].
on Alpine plants, [115].
on forms of mountains, [294]. - Boulders, erratic, [225].
- Bouquetin, the, in Alps, [133].
- Britain, Great, rainfall of, [42].
- Building up of mountains, [174].
- Butterflies, in Alps, [138].
- Buzzard, the, in Alps, [136].
- Cader Idris, volcano rocks of, [272].
- Cainozoic Era, [324].
- Callao, [189].
- Cambrian rocks, [296], [324].
- Canisp Mountain, [297].
- Cañons of Colorado, [221].
- Carbonic acid in atmosphere, [210].
- Carboniferous Period, [324].
- Catastrophes, [215].
- Caves, human remains, etc., in, [31].
- Celsius, on elevation of Gulf of Bothnia, [178].
- Chalk, Cretaceous rocks composed of, [325].
origin of. See Limestones. - Challenger, H. M. S., expedition of, [251].
- Chamois, the, in Alps, [130].
- Characteristics of mountain races, [14].
- China clay, [292].
- Classification of rocks, [157].
- Cleavage of slates, [151], [340].
- Coniferous trees, region of, [111].
- Contortions in strata, [298], [311].
- Contraction and expansion of rocks, [208].
- Contraction theory of earth-movements, [338].
- Coral reefs, [170].
- Cotopaxi, [259].
- Crystalline schists, [312].
- Darwin, Charles, on elevation of the Andes, [189].
- Deciduous trees, mountain region of, [110].
- Dent de Mayen, [99].
- Dent du Midi, fall of rock from, [98].
- Denudation, [220], [229], [288], [312].
- Devonian rocks, [324].
- Diablerets, fall of rock from, [98].
- Dislocations of mountain rocks, [313], [315].
- Dust, volcanic, [245], [260].
- Dykes, [245].
- Eagle, the golden, [136].
- Earth-pillars in Tyrol, [221].
- Earthquakes, [95], [102], [196].
effects of, [198], [336].
causes of, [198], [200].
Lucretius on, [199]. - Earth-tremors, [194].
- Elevation of mountains, [146], [200], [202], [299], [336].
continents, [298]-[299]. - Encrinites, [171].
- Eocene Period, [324].
- Equador and Peru, earthquake of, [197].
- Eras, geological, [324].
- Eruptions, volcanic, [247].
- Fairies, [5].
- Falcon, the, in Alps, [136].
- "Fan-structure," [310].
- "Faults" and fractures, [200], [313].
- Features characteristic of mountains, [177].
- Ferns, [118].
- Fishes, Age of, [322].
- Fissures, [268].
- Föhn, the, [84].
- Foraminifera, [172].
- Fox, the, in Alps, [127].
- Frog, the, in Alps, [137].
- Frost, effects of, on mountain rocks, [212].
- Game-birds, in Alps, [137].
- Ganges and Brahmapootra, [167].
- Geikie, Sir A., on influence of Scottish scenery, [21].
on the Highland plateau, [284].
on the mountains of West Sutherland, [296]. - Giant's Causeway, basalt of, [279].
- Glace, Mer de, [229].
- Glacial drifts, [227].
- Glacial region of vegetation in Alps, [116].
- Glaciers, erosive power of, [228].
- Glare from snow in Alps, [76].
- Gneiss, [156], [292].
- Gold and silver in mountains, [61].
in the earth, [350]. - Grampians, [276].
- Granite, [210].
weathering of, [291].
in mountain-chains, [312]. - Greenland, elevation of, [186].
- Green slates and porphyries, [275].
- Gulf Stream, [42].
- Hare, the, in Alps, [128].
- Hawaii, [256].
-
Heat, effects of, on rocks, [154], [156], [160].
underground, of the earth, [338], [345]. - Hebrides, former volcanic action in, [278].
- Height, influence of, on vegetation, [107].
- Herculaneum, [254].
- Highest cluster of houses in the world, [79].
- Highlands of Scotland, [284].
- Himalayas, description of, [6].
- Hutton, [142], [320].
- Iberian, or pre-Celtic race, [30].
- Ice Age, the, [65], [123].
- Ice, as a geological agent, [223].
- Igneous rocks, [155].
- Imbaburu, eruption of mud from, [259].
- Implements of stone, [31].
- Jackdaw, the, in Alps, [136].
- Jura Mountains, [300], [306].
- Jurassic rocks, [324].
- Kilauea, eruption of. (See Bird, Miss.)
- Kite, the, in Alps, [136].
- Krakatoa, [252].
- Labrador, elevation of, [192].
- Lake District, denudation of, [220].
volcanic rocks of, [275]. - Lakes, origin of, [47].
- Lateral pressure, applied to mountains, [310], [315], [337].
- Lichens and mosses. (See Ruskin.)
- Limestones, origin of, [151], [153], [169].
- Lisbon, earthquake at, [197].
- Livingstone, on splitting of rocks, [212].
- Lizard, the, in Alps, [137].
- Lyell, Sir Charles, [333].
- Lynx, the, in Alps, [128].
- Mal de montagne, [80].
- Mammals, age of, [322].
- Marmot, the, in Alps, [129].
- Mauna Loa, eruption of, [256].
- Mendip Hills, [327].
- Mer de Glace. (See Glace.)
- Metals, precious, [60].
in the earth, [349]. - Metamorphic rocks, [156], [157], [298], [330].
- Mica-schist, [156], [293].
- Miller, Hugh, [150].
- Milne, Prof., on earth-pulsations, [193].
- Minor cones of volcanoes, [246].
- Miocene Period, [278], [324].
- Mississippi, denudation by the, [232].
- Moel Tryfaen, raised beach in, [186].
- Mont Blanc, [310].
- Monte Conto, downfall of, in 1618, [101].
- Monte Nuovo, [248].
- Moraines, [225].
- Mountain limestone, [152].
- Mountains, as barriers between nations, [26].
as reservoirs of water, [43].
human wants supplied by, [58].
influence of, on climate, [62].
causing movements in the atmosphere, [65].
as backbones of continents, [67].
floras of, [103]-[124].
forms of, how determined, [282].
general features of, [177], [283].
structure of, how determined, [308].
elevation of, [174], [313].
formed by huge dislocations, [313].
Ruskin on uses of, [68].
" on a scene on the Jura, [300].
" on flowers of, [107]. - Mud-flows from volcanoes, [259].
- "Needles," the, of Colorado, [221].
- Neptunists and Plutonists, [160].
- New England, elevation of, [192].
- New Zealand, elevation of, [190].
- Nummulites, [331].
- Old Red Sandstone, [150], [324].
- Olive region, the, [107].
- Organically formed rocks, [157].
- Ornamentation of mountains, [147].
- Oxygen, in air, [209].
- Palæozoic Era, [324].
- Permian rocks, [324].
- Pleistocene rocks, [324].
- Pliocene, [324].
- Plutonists, [160].
- Pompeii, buried up, [254].
- Precious stones in mountains, [277].
- Primary Era, [324].
- Pulsations of the earth. (See Milne.)
- Quinag, [297].
- Rabbit, the, in Alps, [128].
- Raised beaches, [185].
- Raven, the, in Alps, [136].
- Red clay, of Atlantic Ocean, [252].
- Reptiles, Age of, [323].
- Righi Mountain, fall of rock from, [99].
- Rivers, transporting power of, [161]-[168].
- Roches Moutonnées, [227].
- "Rocking Stones," [292].
- Ross and Sutherland, mountains of, [315].
- Rossberg, the, fall of rock from, [99]-[101].
- Ruskin, on effect of tourists in Switzerland, [21].
on effects of scenery on mythology, [22].
on uses of mountains, [50].
on formation of soil, [55].
on lichens and mosses, [119].
on the Alps, [289].
on a scene in the Jura Mountains, [300]. - Santorin, island of, [257].
- Scandinavia, elevation of, [180].
- Scenery, influence of rocks on, [219].
- Schists. (See Mica-schist.)
- Scotland, former volcanic action in, [275].
- Sea-beaches, [183].
- Sea-level, constancy of, [179].
- Secondary Era, [324].
- Serapis, Temple of, [187].
-
Silurian Period, [324].
volcanic rocks of, [272]. - Shearing of rocks in mountains, [316].
- Skaptar Jökull, lava-flow from, [255], [260].
- Smith, William, [323].
- Snake River Plain, [258].
- Snow, lambent glow of, [77].
- Snowdon, volcanic rocks of, [272]. denudation of, [239].
- Spectre of the Brocken, the, [78].
- Stability of the earth, [174], [314].
- Stanley, Dean, on capture of Canaan, [32].
- Stone Age, [31].
- Storms on mountains, [81].
- Stratified rocks, table of, [324].
how formed, [148], [176]. - Striæ, glacial, [227].
- Submerged forests, [192].
- Suilven Mountain, [297].
- Sunsets, [71].
- Sutherland, West, mountains of, [296].
- Taurentum, destroyed by downfall of rocks, [97].
- Thames, solid matter transported by, [168].
- Thunder-storms, in Alps, [86].
- Tomboro, eruption at, [260].
- "Tors," [292].
- Tourmente, the, [83].
- Transportation by rivers, [161], [166]-[169].
by glaciers, [224]. - Triassic Period, [324].
- Types of plants and animals at different periods, [106].
- Upheaval theory of mountains, [247].
- Uses of mountains, [33].
- "Valleys, how carved out, [214]-[230].
- Vesuvius, history of, [250].
- Vines, the region of, in Alps, [109].
- Volcanoes, number of active, [242].
old ideas about, [244].
structure of, described, [244].
volcanic rocks of Great Britain, [271]. - Vulture, the bearded, [134].
- Wall of Antoninus, [185].
- Waterfalls, origin of, [218].
-
Water-vapour, in air, [34].
condensation of, by mountains, [34]. - Waves of population, [30].
- Weald, the denudation of, [235]-[239].
structure of, [303]. - Werner, [158].
- Wild-cat, in Alps, [128].
- Wolf, the, in Alps, [126].
- Zones of climate on the earth, [63].
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Published by Messrs. Spooner, of the Strand.
[2] Epic of Hades.